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Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information

Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.

Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan "The Right to Information, The Right to Live"

Jawaharlal Nehru "Step Out From the Old to the New" '

SP 7 : Group 4 (2005) : NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2005 GROUP 4 [CED 46: National Building Code]

Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda Invent a New India Using Knowledge

Bhartrhari — Nitisatakam "Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen"

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PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT

W^ ^ Wl^ «|ePI Pwtui ^rf^ 2005

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2005

Group 4

NATIONAL

BUILDING

CODE OF INDIA

2005

GROUP 4

PART 0 INTEGRATED APPROACH — PREREQUISITE FOR APPLYING PROVISIONS OF THE CODE

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES

Section 1 Lighting and Ventilation

Section 2 Electrical and Allied Installations

Section 3 Air conditioning, Heating and Mechanical Ventilation

Section 4 Acoustics, Sound Insulation and Noise Control

Section 5 Installation of Lifts and Escalators

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

SP 7 (Group 4) : 2005

FIRST PUBLISHED 1970 FIRST REVISION 1983 SECOND REVISION 2005

© BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

ICS 0.120; 91.040.01 ISBN 81-7061-026-5

PRICE Rs. 2830.00

PUBLISHED BY BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS, MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG, NEW DELHI 110 002, PRINTED AT SUNSHINE PROCESS, C- 105/5, NARAINA INDUSTRIAL AREA, PHASE I, NEW DELHI 110 028 (INDIA).

BIS Website: www.bis.org.in

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FOREWORD

Construction programmes are interwoven in a large measure in all sectors of development, be it housing, transport, industry, irrigation, power, agriculture, education or health. Construction, both public and private, accounts for about fifty percent of the total outlay in any Five Year Plan. Half of the total money spent on construction activities is spent on buildings for residential, industrial, commercial, administrative, education, medical, municipal and entertainment uses. It is estimated that about half of the total outlay on buildings would be on housing. It is imperative that for such a large national investment, optimum returns are assured and wastage in construction is avoided.

Soon after the Third Plan, the Planning Commission decided that the whole gamut of operations involved in construction, such as, administrative, organizational, financial and technical aspects, be studied in depth. For this study, a Panel of Experts was appointed in 1965 by the Planning Commission and its recommendations are found in the 'Report on Economies in Construction Costs' published in 1968.

One of the facets of building construction, namely, controlling and regulating buildings through municipal byelaws and departmental handbooks received the attention of the Panel and a study of these regulatory practices revealed that some of the prevailing methods of construction were outmoded; some designs were overburdened with safety factors and there were other design criteria which, in the light of newer techniques and methodologies, could be rationalized; and building byelaws and regulations of municipal bodies which largely regulate the building activity in the country wherever they exist, were outdated. They did not cater to the use of new building materials and the latest developments in building designs and construction techniques. It also became clear that these codes and byelaws lacked uniformity and they were more often than not 'specification oriented' and not 'performance oriented' .

These studies resulted in a recommendation that a National Building Code be prepared to unify the building regulations throughout the country for use by government departments, municipal bodies and other construction agencies. The then Indian Standards Institution (now Bureau of Indian Standards) was entrusted by the Planning Commission with the preparation of the National Building Code. For fulfilling this task a Guiding Committee for the preparation of the Code was set up by the Civil Engineering Division Council of the Indian Standards Institution in 1967. This Committee, in turn, set up 18 specialist panels to prepare the various parts of the Code. The Guiding Committee and its panels were constituted with architects, planners, materials experts, structural, construction, electrical illumination, air conditioning, acoustics and public health engineers and town planners. These experts were drawn from the Central and State Governments, local bodies, professional institutions and private agencies. The first version of the Code was published in 1970.

After the National Building Code of India was published in 1970, a vigorous implementation drive was launched by the Indian Standards Institution to propagate the contents and use of the Code among all concerned in the field of planning, designing and construction activities. For this, State-wise Implementation Conferences were organized with the participation of the leading engineers, architects, town planners, administrators, building material manufacturers, building and plumbing services installation agencies, contractors, etc.

These Conferences were useful in getting across the contents of the Code to the interests concerned. These Conferences had also helped in the establishment of Action Committees to look into the actual implementation work carried out by the construction departments, local bodies and other agencies in different States. The main actions taken by the Action Committees were to revise and modernize their existing regulatory media, such as, specifications, handbooks, manuals, etc, as well as building byelaws of local bodies like municipalities at city and town levels, zilla parishads, panchayats and development authorities, so as to bring them in line with the provisions contained in the National Building Code of India. In this process, the Indian Standards Institution rendered considerable support in redrafting process.

Since the publication in 1970 version of the National Building Code of India, a large number of comments and useful suggestions for modifications and additions to different parts and sections of the Code were received as a result of use of the Code by all concerned, and revision work of building byelaws of some States. Based on the comments and suggestion received the National Building Code of India 1970 was revised in 1983.

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Some of the important changes in 1983 version included : addition of development control rules, requirements for greenbelts and landscaping including norms for plantation of shrubs and trees, special requirements for low income housing; fire safety regulations for high rise buildings; revision of structural design section based on new and revised codes, such as Concrete Codes (plain and reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete). Earthquake Code, Masonry Code; addition of outside design conditions for important cities in the country, requirements relating to noise and vibration, air filter, automatic control, energy conservation for air conditioning; and guidance on the design of water supply system for multi- storey ed buildings.

The National Building Code of India is a single document in which, like a network, the information contained in various Indian Standards is woven into a pattern of continuity and cogency with the interdependent requirements of Sections carefully analyzed and fitted in to make the whole document a cogent continuous volume. A continuous thread of 'preplanning' is woven which, in itself, contributes considerably to the economies in construction particularly in building and plumbing services.

The Code contains regulations which can be immediately adopted or enacted for use by various departments, municipal administrations and public bodies. It lays down a set of minimum provisions designed to protect the safety of the public with regard to structural sufficiency, fire hazards and health aspects of buildings; so long as these basic requirements are met, the choice of materials and methods of design and construction is left to the ingenuity of the building professionals. The Code also covers aspects of administrative regulations, development control rules and general building requirements; fire protection requirements; stipulations regarding materials and structural design; rules for design of electrical installations, lighting, air conditioning and lifts; regulation for ventilation, acoustics and plumbing services, such as, water supply, drainage, sanitation and gas supply; measures to ensure safety of workers and public during construction; and rules for erection of signs and outdoor display structures.

Some other important points covered by the Code include 'industrialized systems of building' and 'architectural control'. The increase in population in the years to come will have a serious impact on the housing problem. It has been estimated that the urban population of India will continue to increase with such pace as to maintain the pressure on demand of accommodation for them. Speed of construction is thus of an utmost importance and special consideration has to be given to industrialized systems of building. With increased building activity, it is also essential that there should be some architectural control in the development of our cities and towns if creation of ugliness and slum- like conditions in our urban areas is to be avoided.

Since the publication of 1983 version of National Building Code of India, the construction industry has gone through major technological advancement. In the last two decades, substantial expertise has been gained in the areas of building planning, designing and construction. Also, lot of developments have taken places in the techno- legal regime and techno-financial regime, apart from the enormous experience gained in dealing with natural calamities like super cyclones and earthquakes faced by the country. Further, since the last revision in 1983 based on the changes effected in the Steel Code, Masonry Code and Loading Code as also in order to update the fire protection requirements, three amendments were brought out to the 1983 version of the Code. Considering these, it was decided to take up a comprehensive revision of the National Building Code of India.

The changes incorporated in the present Code, which is second revision of the Code, have been specified in the Foreword to each Part/Section of the Code. Some of the important changes are:

a) A new Part 0 'Integrated Approach — Prerequisite for Applying the Provisions of the Code' emphasizing on multi-disciplinary team approach for successfully accomplishing building/development project, has been incorporated.

b) New chapters on significant areas like structural design using bamboo, mixed/composite construction and landscaping have been added.

c) Number of provisions relating to reform in administration of the Code as also assigning duties and responsibilities to all concerned professionals, have been incorporated/modified. Also detailed provisions/ performance to ensure structural sufficiency of buildings, have been prescribed so as to facilitate implementation of the related requirements to help safely face the challenges during natural disasters like earthquake.

d) Planning norms and requirements for hilly areas and rural habitat planning, apart from detailed planning norms for large number of amenities have been incorporated.

e) Fire safety aspects have been distinctly categorized into fire prevention, life safety and fire protection

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giving detailed treatment to each based on current international developments and latest practices followed in the country.

f) Aspects like energy conservation and sustainable development have been consistently dealt with in various parts and sections through appropriate design, usage and practices with regard to building materials, construction technologies and building and plumbing services. Renewable resources like bamboo and practices like rain water harvesting have been given their due place.

g) The latest revised earthquake code, IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2002 'Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures: Part 1 General provisions and buildings', has been incorporated, due implementation of the provisions of which in applicable seismic zone of the country, needs to be duly adhered to by the Authorities.

The Code now published is the third version representing the present state of knowledge on various aspects of building construction. The process of preparation of the 2005 version of the Code had thrown up a number of problems; some of them were answered fully and some partially. Therefore, a continuous programme will go on by which additional knowledge that is gained through technological evolution, users' views over a period of time pinpointing areas of clarification and coverage and results of research in the field, would be incorporated in to the Code from time to time to make it a living document. It is, therefore, proposed to bring out changes to the Code periodically.

The provisions of this Code are intended to serve as a model for adoption by Public Works Departments and other government construction departments, local bodies and other construction agencies. Existing PWD codes, municipal byelaws and other regulatory media could either be replaced by the National Building Code of India or suitably modified to cater to local requirements in accordance with the provisions of the Code. Any difficulties encountered in adoption of the Code could be brought to the notice of the Sectional Committee for corrective action.

This publication forms part of the National Building Code of India 2005 and contains the following Parts:

PART 0 INTEGRATED APPROACH — PREREQUISITE FOR APPLYING PROVISIONS OF THE CODE

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES

Section 1 Lighting and Ventilation

Section 2 Electrical and Allied Installations

Section 3 Air conditioning, Heating and Mechanical Ventilation

Section 4 Acoustics, Sound Insulation and Noise Control

Section 5 Installation of Lifts and Escalators

The information contained in this publication will essentially serve the concerned professionals in dealing with various building services.

(vii)

National Building Code Sectional Committee, CED 46

Chairman

Dr H. C. ViSVESVARAYA

'Chandrika', at 15th Cross, 63-64 East Park Road Malleswaram, Bangalore 560 003

Vice-Chairman

ShRI V. SURESH

P-233/3, Officers Enclave, Air Force Station, Rajokari, New Delhi 1 10 038

Organization Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Ahmedabad

Bangalore Mahanagara Palike, Bangalore

Builders Association of India, Mumbai

Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council, New Delhi Bureau of Energy Efficiency (Ministry of Power), New Delhi Central Building Research Institute (CSIR), Roorkee

Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation), New Delhi

Central Public Works Department (Central Designs Organization), New Delhi

Central Public Works Department (Electrical Department), New Delhi

Centre for Disaster Mitigation and Management, Anna University, Chennai

Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority, Chennai

Construction Industry Development Council, New Delhi

Council of Architecture, New Delhi

Delhi Development Authority, New Delhi

Delhi Fire Service, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, Delhi

Department of Science and Technology (Ministry of Science and Technology), New Delhi

Directorate General of Employment and Training, New Delhi

Engineer-in-Chief's Branch, Army Headquarters, New Delhi

Forest Research Institute (Indian Council for Forestry Research and Education), Dehra Dun

Housing and Urban Development Corporation Ltd, New Delhi Indian Geotechnical Society, New Delhi

Representative(s)

Shri Vatsal S. Patel

Shri Jagdish A. Patel (Alternate)

Shri M. R. Sreenivasa Murthy

Shri R. Ramegowda (Alternate I) Shri N. Krishna (Alternate II)

Shri B. G. Ahuia

Shri T. N. Gupta & Shri D. B. N. Rao

Representative

Shri V. K. Mathur

Shri B. S. Gupta (Alternate)

Shri B. B. Uppal

Shri V. K. Chaurasia (Alternate)

Chief Engineer (Designs)

Superintending Engineer (S & S) (Alternate)

Chief Engineer (Electrical) I

Director

Member Secretary

Shri N. V. Rakhunath (Alternate)

Shri P. R. Swarup

Shri Anil Chadha (Alternate)

Shri Premendra Raj Mehta

Shri Sudhir Vohra (Alternate)

Engineer Member

Chief Engineer (HQ) (Alternate)

Shri R. C. Sharma Shri V. Rao Alyagari

Shri Ashwani Kumar

Brig S. K. Sharma

Shri D. K. Dinker (Alternate)

Director General

Director (Alternate)

Chairman & Managing Director Shri R. K. Safaya (Alternate)

Shri D. B. Mahajan

Dr M. D. Desai (Alternate)

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Organization

Indian Institute of Technology (Centre for Energy Studies), New Delhi

Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi

Institute of Town Planners, India, New Delhi Institution of Fire Engineers (India), New Delhi

Ministry of Home Affairs, New Delhi

Ministry of Home Affairs (Disaster Management Division), New Delhi

Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, New Delhi

Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, New Delhi

Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai, Mumbai

National Buildings Construction Corporation, New Delhi

National Council for Cement and Building Materials, Ballabgarh

National Design and Research Forum, The Institution of Engineers (India), Bangalore

National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR), Nagpur

North Eastern Council, Shillong

Public Works Department (Roads and Buildings), Gandhinagar

Research, Designs and Standards Organization (Ministry of Railways), Lucknow

School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi

Structural Engineering Research Centre (CSIR), Chennai

Suri and Suri Consulting Acoustical Engineers, New Delhi The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi

The Indian Institute of Architects, New Delhi

The Institution of Engineers (India), Kolkata

The Institution of Surveyors, New Delhi

Town and Country Planning Organization, New Delhi

U.P. Housing and Development Board, Lucknow Unitech Ltd, Gurgaon

In personal capacity (5, Sunder Nagar, New Delhi 110 003) BIS Directorate General

Representative(s) Prof N. K. Bansal

Chief Engineer (Design), CPWD

Superintending Engineer (Design), CPWD (Alternate)

Dr S. K. Kulshrestha

President

General Secretary (Alternate)

Fire Advisor

Shri M. p. Sajnani

Shri S. K. Swami (Alternate)

Dr T. C. Tripathi

Shri S. B. Basu

Shri P. Halder (Alternate)

Director (Engg Services & Proiects) City Engineer (Alternate)

Shri B. Prasad

Shri N. P. Agarwal (Alternate)

Shri Shiban Raina

Dr Anil Kumar (Alternate)

Prof R. Narayana Iyengar Shri B. Suresh (Alternate)

Dr Arindam Ghosh

Dr V. P. Deshpande (Alternate)

Shri P. K. Deb

Shri V. P. Jamdar

Shri M. S. Jallundhwala (Alternate)

Shri R. K. Gupta

Shri J. P. Das (Alternate)

Director

Shri C. V. Vaidyanathan Shri K. Mani (Alternate)

Shri Gautam Suri

Ms Mili Maiumdar

Ms Vidisha Salunke-Palsule (Alternate)

Shri Balbir Verma

Shri Abhijit Ray (Alternate)

Prof G. P. Lal

Shri O. P. Goel (Alternate)

Shri K. S. Kharb

Shri R. K. Bhalla (Alternate)

Shri K. T. Gurumukhi

Shri J. B. Kshirsagar (Alternate)

Shri Hari Gopal

Shri Sushil Sharma

Shri Shahid Mahmood (Alternate)

Dr J. R. Bhalla

Shri S. K. Jain, Director & Head (Civil Engineering) [Representing Director General (Ex-ojficio Member)}

Member Secretary

Shri Saniay Pant

Joint Director (Civil Engineering), BIS

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Special Panel for Guiding Revision of National Building

Organization

In personal capacity (P-233/3, Officers Enclave, Air Force Station, Rajokari, New Delhi 110 038)

Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council, New Delhi

Central Building Research Institute (CSIR), Roorkee

Central Public Works Department, New Delhi

Council of Architecture, New Delhi

Engineer-in-Chief s Branch, Army Headquarters, New Delhi

The Institution of Engineers (India), Kolkata

Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi

and Co-ordinating the Code of India, CED 46:SP

Representative(s) Shri V. SuRESH (Convener)

Shri T. N. Gupta

Shri V. K. Mathur

Shri H. S. Dogra

Shri Premendra Raj Mehta

Lt-Gen Hari Uniyal

Prof G. P. Lal

Shri O. P. Goel (Alternate)

Shri Sanjay Pant

Ad-hoc Group for Part 0 of NBC, CED 46:AG

Organization

In personal capacity ('Chandrika', at 15th Cross, 63-64, East Park Road, Malleswaram, Bangalore 560 003)

Council of Architecture, New Delhi

In personal capacity (P-233/3, Officers Enclave, Air Force Station, Rajokari, New Delhi 110 038)

In personal capacity (A-39/B, DDA Flats, Munirka, New Delhi 110 067)

In personal capacity (EA-345, Maya Enclave, New Delhi 110 064)

Representative! s) Dr H. C. Visvesvaraya (Convener)

Shri Premendra Raj Mehta Shri V. Suresh

Shri P. B. Vijay

Shri J. N. Bhavani Prasad

Panel for Lighting and Ventilation, CED 46:P12

Organization Central Building Research Institute (CSIR), Roorkee

All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Kolkata Bureau of Energy Efficiency (Ministry of Power), New Delhi Central Public Works Department, New Delhi

Council of Architecture, New Delhi

Director General Factory Advice Service and Labour Institute (Ministry of Labour), Mumbai

Engineer-in-Chief s Branch, Army Headquarters, New Delhi

Indian Society for Lighting Engineers, New Delhi Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, New Delhi Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai, Mumbai

National Physical Laboratory (CSIR), New Delhi Philips India Ltd, Mumbai

School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi The Indian Institute of Architects, Mumbai The Institution of Engineers (India), Kolkata

Representative(s)

Shri V. K. Mathur (Convener) Dr Ishwar Chand (Alternate I) Shri Shree Kumar (Alternate II)

Dr Gautam Banerjee

Representative

Chief Engineer (E) II

Superintending Engineer (E) P (Alternate)

Prof Vinod Kumar Gupta

Shri S. K. Dutta

Shri I. Roychowdhuri (Alternate)

Shri S. K. Maheshwari

Shri A. C. Verma (Alternate)

Shri P. K. Bandyopadhyay

Shri Bibek Bandyopadhyay

Shri P. G. Chavan

Shri R. K. Rahate (Alternate)

Dr H. C. Kandpal

Shrimati Sudeshna Mukhopadhyay Shri S. P. Tambe (Alternate)

Prof Arvind Kishan

Prof Ashok B. Lall

Prof C. S. Jha

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Panel for Electrical Installations, CED 46:P13

Organization In personal capacity (EA 345, Maya Enclave, New Delhi 110 064) Bureau of Energy Efficiency (Ministry of Power), New Dellii Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi

Chief Electrical Inspectorate, Tamil Nadu

Engineer-in-Chief ' s Branch, Army Headquarters, New Delhi

Engineers India Ltd, New Delhi

Fairwood Consultants Pvt Ltd, New Delhi Siemens Ltd, Chennai

The Institution of Engineers (India), Kolkata

Representative(s)

Shri J. N. Bhavani Prasad (Convener)

Representative

Chief Engineer (DP & D) Director (UT) (Alternate)

Shri S. Subramanian

Shri M. Kamal Batcha (Alternate)

Shri Ajay Shankar

Shri Shiv Om Prakash (Alternate)

Shri A. Ananthanarayan Shri N. Sethi (Alternate)

Smt Shruti Goel

Shri Hemant Tungare

Shri Ajit Deshpande (Alternate)

Prof Samiran Choudhary

Lt Gen S. K. Jain (Alternate)

Panel for Air Conditioning and Heating, CED 46:P14

Organization Spectral Services Consultants Pvt Ltd, New Delhi

Airtron Consultants, Bangalore

Air Treatment Engineering Pvt Ltd, Chennai

Blue Star Limited, Mumbai

Bureau of Energy Efficiency (Ministry of Power). New Delhi

Central Building Research Institute (CSIR), Roorkee

Central Public Works Department, New Delhi

Engineer-in-Chief s Branch, Army Headquarters, New Delhi

Hi-Tech Consultant, New Delhi

Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi

Indian Society for Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers, New Delhi

Sterling India Consulting Engineers, New Delhi

Suvidha Engineers India Ltd, Noida

The Institution of Engineer (India), Kolkata

Voltas Limited, New Delhi

In personal capacity (K-43, Kailash Colony, New Delhi 110 048)

Representative(s)

Dr Prem C. Jain (Convener)

Shri Ashish Rakheia (Alternate)

Shri R. V. Simha

Shri K. P. S. Ramesh

Shri Jitendra Moreshwar Bhambure

Representative

Dr Ishwar Chand

Shri B. M. Suman (Alternate)

Shri S. R. Subramanian

Shri S. P. Baranwal (Alternate)

Shri Narendra Kumar

Shri R. A. Dubey (Alternate)

Shri N. S. Hukmani

Dr R. S. Agarwal

Shri N. S. Hukmani

Shri G. C. Modgil

Shri Alok C. Tandon

Shri Pradeep Chaturvedi

Shri S. M. Kulkarni

Shri Atul Malik (Alternate)

Shri M. M. Pande

Panel for Acoustics, Sound Insulation and Noise Control, CED 46:P15

Organization Suri and Suri Consulting Acoustical Engineers, New Delhi All India Radio, New Delhi

Central Building Research Institute (CSIR), Roorkee

Representative(s) Shri Gautam Suri (Convener)

Shri Deepak Mehrotra

Shri S. Muthuswamy (Alternate)

Shri R. K. Srivastava

Shri R. L. Dhabal (Alternate)

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Organization Central Public Works Department, New Delhi

Engineer-in-Chief s Branch, Army Headquarters, New Delhi

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai

Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lloyd Insulations (India) Pvt Ltd, New Delhi

National Physical Laboratory (CSIR), New Delhi

School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi The Indian Institute of Architects, Mumbai The Institution of Engineers (India), Kolkata

Representative(s)

Shri K. a. Ananthanarayanan Shri N. Naoaraian (Alternate)

Brig S. K. Sharma

Shrimati Anuradha Bhasin (Alternate)

Prof M. L. Munjal

Prof S. Naryanan

Dr a. Ramachandraiah (Alternate)

Dr a. R. Mohanty

Shri N. Srinivas

Shri B. S. Iamwal (Alternate)

Dr V. MOHANAN

Dr Omkar Sharma (Alternate)

Prof (Dr) Shovan K. Saha

Shri Indranath Basu

Shri K. V. Chaubal

Shri P. K. Adlakha (Alternate)

Panel for Installation of Lifts and Escalators, CED 46:P16

Organization KONE Elevators India Ltd

Central Public Works Department, New Delhi

Chief Electrical Inspectorate, Government of Delhi, New Delhi

Chief Electrical Inspectorate, Govt of Tamil Nadu, Chennai

Delhi Development Authority, New Delhi

ECE Industries Ltd, Ghaziabad

Engineer-in-Chief s Branch, Army Headquarters, New Delhi

Otis Elevator Company (India) Ltd, New Delhi

Public Works Department, Government of Maharashtra, Mumbai

Schindler India Pvt Ltd, Mumbai

The Institution of Engineers (India), Kolkata

In personal capacity [4, Vidharbha Samrat Co-operative Housing Society; 93 C, V. P. Road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai 400 056]

Representative(s)

Shri A. Sankarakrishnan (Convener) Shri L. N. Venkatraman (Alternate I) Shri S. Emanuel Rajasekaran (Alternate II)

Shri J. K. Chaudhury

Shri A. S. Luthra (Alternate)

Shri K. L. Grover

Shri A. K. Aggarwal (Alternate)

Shri S. Subramanian

Shri M. Kamal Batcha (Alternate)

Shri S. K. Sinha

Shri N. K. Gupta (Alternate)

Shri P. K. Banka

Shri Jagat Mohan (Alternate)

Shri Rama Nath

Shri M. L. Bansal (Alternate)

Shri V. S. Mohan

Shri S. P. Rao (Alternalte I)

Shri Anurag Manglik (Alternate II)

Shri A. M. Thatte

Shri S. D. Mahaian (Alternate)

Shri Ronnie Dante

Shri T. A. K. Mathews (Alternate)

Shri Jagman Singh

Dr R. K. Dave (Alternate)

Shri A. S. Herwadkar

Member Secretary

Shri Saniay Pant

Joint Director (Civil Engineering), BIS

Joint Member Secretary

Shri S. K. Verma

Deputy Director (Civil Engineering), BIS

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Important Explanatory Note for Users of Code

In this Code, where reference is made to 'accepted standards' in relation to material specification, testing or other related information or where reference is made to 'good practice' in relation to design, constructional procedures or other related information, the Indian Standards listed at the end of the concerned Parts/Sections may be used to the interpretation of these terms.

At the time of publication, the editions indicated in the above Indian Standards were valid. All standards are subject to revision and parties to agreements based on the Parts/Sections are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards.

In the list of standards given at the end of each Part/Section, the number appearing in the first column indicates the number of the reference in that Part/Section. For example:

a) good practice [8-1(1)] refers to the standard given at serial number 1 of the list of standards given at the end of Section 1 of Part 8, that is IS 7662 (Part 1) : 1974 'Recommendations for orientation of buildings : Part 1 Non-industrial buildings'.

b) good practice [8-1(27)] refers to the standard given at serial number 27 of the list of standards given at the end of Section 2 of Part 8, that is IS 2309 : 1989 'Code of practice for the protection of buildings and allied structures against lightning (second revisiony .

c) accepted standard [8-3(5)] refers to the standard given at serial number 5 of the list of standards given at the end of Section 3 of Part 8, that is IS 3315 : 1994 'Specification for evaporative air coolers (desert coolers) {second revision).

d) accepted standard [8-4(1)] refers to the standard given at serial number 1 of the list of standards given at the end of Section 4 of Part 8, that is IS 11050 (Part 1) : 1984 'Rating of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements: Part 1 Air-borne sound insulation in buildings and of interior building elements.

e) accepted standard [8-5(9)] refers to the standard given at serial number 9 of the list of standards given at the end of Section 5 of Part 8, that is IS 14665 (Part 3/Sec 1 and 2) : 2000 'Electric traction lifts: Part 3 Safety rules — Section 1 Passenger and goods hfts. Section 2 Service lifts'.

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INFORMATION FOR THE USERS

For the convenience of the users, the National Building Code of India 2005 is available as a comprehensive volume as well as in the following five groups, each incorporating the related Parts/Sections dealing with particular area of building activity:

Integrated Approach — Prerequisite for Applying

Provisions of the Code

Administration

Development Control Rules and General Building

Requirements

Fire and Life Safety

Building Materials

Landscaping, Signs and Outdoor Display Structures

Section 1 Landscape Planning and Design

Section 2 Signs and Outdoor Display Structures

Group 1 For Development, Building Part 0: Planning and Related Aspects Part 2:

Part 3:

Part 4: Part 5: Part 10:

Group 2 For Structural Design and Part 0: Related Aspects

Part 6:

Group 3 For Construction Related Aspects including Safety

Group 4 For Aspects Relating to Building Services

PartO:

Part 7: PartO:

Part 8:

Group 5 For Aspects Relating to Plumbing Services including Solid Waste Management

PartO: Part 9:

Integrated Approach — Prerequisite for Applying

Provisions of the Code

Structural Design

Section 1 Loads, Forces and Effects

Section 2 Soils and Foundations

Section 3 Timber and Bamboo

3A Timber

3B Bamboo Section 4 Masonry Section 5 Concrete

5A Plain and Reinforced Concrete

5B Prestressed Concrete Section 6 Steel Section 7 Prefabrication, Systems Building and

Mixed/Composite Construction

7 A Prefabricated Concrete

7B Systems Building and Mixed/

Composite Construction

Integrated Approach — Prerequisite for Applying Provisions of the Code Constructional Practices and Safety

Integrated Approach — Prerequisite for Applying

Provisions of the Code

Building Services

Section 1 Lighting and Ventilation

Section 2 Electrical and Allied Installations

Section 3 Air conditioning. Heating and Mechanical

Ventilation Section 4 Acoustics, Sound Insulation and Noise

Control Section 5 Installation of Lifts and Escalators

Integrated Approach — Prerequisite for Applying Provisions of the Code Plumbing Services

Section 1 Water Supply, Drainage and Sanitation (including Solid Waste Management)

Section 2 Gas Supply

The information contained in different groups will essentially serve the concerned professionals dealing in the respective areas.

(xiv)

The National Building Code of India consists of the following Parts and Sections:

Part 0 Integb^ated Approach — Prerequisite for Applying Provisions of the Code

Part 1 Definitions

Part 2 Administration

Part 3 Development Control Rules and General Building Requirements

Part 4 Fire and Life Safety

Part 5 Building Materials

Part 6 Structural Design

Section 1 Loads, Forces and Effects Section 2 Soils and Foundations Section 3 Timber and Bamboo

3A Timber

3B Bamboo Section 4 Masonry Section 5 Concrete

5A Plain and Reinforced Concrete

5B Prestressed Concrete Section 6 Steel Section 7 Prefabrication, Systems Building and Mixed/Composite

Construction

7A Prefabricated Concrete

7B Systems Building and Mixed/Composite Construction

Part 7 Constructional Practices and Safety

Part 8 Building Services

Section 1 Lighting and Ventilation

Section 2 Electrical and Allied Installations

Section 3 Air Conditioning, Heating and Mechanical Ventilation

Section 4 Acoustics, Sound Insulation and Noise Control

Section 5 Installation of Lifts and Escalators

Part 9 Plumbing Services

Section 1 Water Supply, Drainage and Sanitation (including Solid

Waste Management) Section 2 Gas Supply

Part 10 Landscaping, Signs and Outdoor Display Structures Section 1 Landscape Planning and Design Section 2 Signs and Outdoor Display Structures

Total Pages 12 16 24 64 88 40

104

48

50

24 44

90 6

22 12

70

48 68

48 44

42

90 14

30

24

(XV)

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

PART 0 INTEGRATED APPROACH — PREREQUISITE FOR APPLYING PROVISIONS OF THE CODE

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

CONTENTS

FOREWORD

1 SCOPE

2 TERMINOLOGY

3 GENERAL

4 TEAM APPROACH

5 PLANNING, DESIGNING AND DEVELOPMENT

6 CONSTRUCTION/EXECUTION (ACTUALIZATION)

7 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

5 5 5 5 6 7

ANNEX A BRIEF DETAILS OF THE COVERAGE OF VARIOUS PROVISIONS UNDER DIFFERENT OTHER PARTS/SECTIONS OF THIS CODE

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

National Building Code Sectional Committee, CED 46

FOREWORD

In order to provide safe and healthy habitat, careful consideration needs to be paid to the building construction activity. Building planning, designing and construction activities have developed over the centuries. Large number of ancient monuments and historical buildings all over the world bear testimony to the growth of civilization from the prehistoric era with the extensive use of manual labour and simple systems as appropriate to those ages to the present day mechanized and electronically controlled operations for designing and constructing buildings and for operating and maintaining systems and services. In those days those buildings were conceptualized and built by master builders with high levels of artisan skills. Technological and socio-economic developments in recent times have led to remarkable increase in demand for more and more sophistication in buildings resulting in ever increasing complexities. These perforce demand high levels of inputs from professionals of different disciplines such as architecture, civil engineering, structural engineering, functional and life safety services including special aspects relating to utilities, landscaping, etc in conceptualization, spatial planning, design and construction of buildings of various material and technology streams, with due regard to various services including operation, maintenance, repairs and rehabilitation aspects throughout the service life of the building.

This Code, besides prescribing the various provisions, also allows freedom of action to adopt appropriate practices and provides for building planning, designing and construction for absorbing traditional practices as well as latest developments in knowledge in the various disciplines as relevant to a building including computer aided and/or other modern sensors aided activities in the various stages of conceptuahzation, planning, designing, constructing, maintaining and repairing the buildings. India being a large country with substantial variations from region to region, this Code has endeavoured to meet the requirements of different regions of the country, both urban and rural, by taking into consideration factors, such as, climatic and environmental conditions, geographical terrain, proneness to natural disasters, ecologically appropriate practices, use of eco-friendly materials, reduction of pollution, protection and improvement of local environment and also socio-economic considerations, towards the creation of sustainable human settlements.

This Part of the Code dealing with 'integrated approach' is being included for the first time. It gives an overall direction for practical applications of the provisions of different specialized aspects of spatial planning, designing and construction of buildings, creation of services, and proposes an integrated approach for utilizing appropriate knowledge and experience of qualified professionals right from the conceptualization through construction and completion stages of a building project and indeed during the entire life cycle. The 'integrated approach' should not only take care of functional, aesthetic and safety aspects, but also the operational and maintenance requirements. Also, cost optimization has to be achieved through proper selection of materials, techniques, equipment installations, etc. Further, value engineering and appropriate management techniques should be applied to achieve the aim set forth for the purpose of construction of a building fully meeting the specified and implied needs of spatial functions, safety and durability aspects, life and health safety, comfort, services, etc in the building.

The aim of the 'integrated approach' is to get the maximum benefit from the building and its services in terms of quality, timely completion and cost-effectiveness. In the team approach which is an essential pre -requisite for integrated approach, the aim clearly is to maximize the efficiency of the total system through appropriate optimization of each of its sub-systems. In other words, in the team, the inputs from each of the professional disciplines have to be so optimized that the total system's efficiency becomes the maximum. It may be re- emphasized that maximizing the efficiencies of each sub-system may not necessarily assure the maximization of the efficiency of the total system. It need hardly to be stated that specified or imphed safety will always get precedence over functional efficiency and economy. Further, progressive approach such as that relating to the concept of intelligent buildings would be best taken care of by the 'integrated approach' as laid down in this Part.

Quality systems approach and certification thereunder covering the various dimensions brought out above may go a long way in achieving the above goal of real integrated approach.

PART 0 INTEGRATED APPROACH

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

PART 0 INTEGRATED APPROACH — PREREQUISITE FOR APPLYING PROVISIONS OF THE CODE

1 SCOPE

This Part covers guidelines to be followed for judicious implementation of the provisions of various Parts/ Sections of the Code.

2 TERMINOLOGY

2.0 For the purpose of this Part, the following definitions and those given in Part 1 'Definitions' shall apply.

2.1 Authority Having Jurisdiction — The Authority which has been created by a statute and which, for the purpose of administering the Code/Part, may authorize a committee or an official or an agency to act on its behalf; hereinafter called the 'Authority' .

2.2 Building — Any structure for whatsoever purpose and of whatsoever materials constructed and every part thereof whether used as human habitation or not and includes foundation, plinth, walls, floors, roofs, chimneys, plumbing and building services, fixed platforms, VERANDAH, balcony, cornice or projection, part of a building or anything affixed thereto or any wall enclosing or intended to enclose any land or space and signs and outdoor display structures. Tents/ SHAMIANAHS/PANDALS, tarpaulin shelters, etc, erected for temporary and ceremonial occasions shall not be considered as building.

2.3 Owner — Person or body having a legal interest in land and/or building thereon. This includes free holders, leaseholders or those holding a sub-lease which both bestows a legal right to occupation and gives rise to liabilities in respect of safety or building condition.

In case of lease or sub-lease holders, as far as ownership with respect to the structure is concerned, the structure of a flat or structure on a plot belongs to the allottee/ lessee till the allotment/lease subsists.

NOTE — For the purpose of the Code, the word 'owner' will also cover the generally understood terms like 'client', 'user', etc.

3 GENERAL

3.1 Buildings, shall be classified as Residential, Educational, Institutional, Assembly, Business, Mercantile, Industrial, Storage and Hazardous in groups and sub-division as classified in Part 4 'Fire and Life Safety'.

For further sub-classification of buildings and various related provisions thereof with respect to administration;

development control rules and general building requirements; building materials; fire and life safety; structural design; constructional practices and safety; building and plumbing services; and landscaping, signs and outdoor display structures, other parts/sections of the Code may be referred to.

3.2 The scope of various Parts/Sections of the Code which cover detailed provisions on different aspects of development of land/building construction activity, are given in Annex A, with a view to providing an overview for the users of the Code.

4 TEAM APPROACH

A land development/building project comprises the following major stages:

a) Location/siting,

b) Conceptualization and planning,

c) Designing and detailing,

d) Construction/execution, and

e) Maintenance and repair.

Each stage necessarily requires professionals of many disciplines who should work together as a well coordinated team to achieve the desired product delivery with quality, in an effective manner.

Appropriate multi-disciplinary teams need to be constituted to successfully meet the requirements of different stages. Each team may comprise need based professionals out of the following depending upon the nature, magnitude and complexity of the project:

a) Architect,

b) Civil engineer,

c) Structural engineer,

d) Electrical engineer,

e) Plumbing engineer,

f) Fire protection engineer,

g) HVAC engineer,

h) Environment specialist,

j) Town planner,

k) Urban designer,

m) Landscape architect,

n) Security system specialist,

p) Interior designer,

q) Quantity surveyor,

r) Project/construction manager, and

s) Other subject specialist(s).

PART 0 INTEGRATED APPROACH

4.1 Design Team

In building projects various aspects like form; space planning; aesthetics; fire and life safety; structural adequacy; plumbing services; lighting and natural ventilation; electrical and allied installations; air conditioning, heating and mechanical ventilation; acoustics, sound insulation and noise control; installation of lifts and escalators; building automation; data and voice communication; other utility services installations; landscape planning and design; urban planning; etc need to be kept in view right at the concept stage. The project requiring such multi- disciplinary inputs need a co-ordinated approach among the professionals for proper integration of various design inputs. For this, and to take care of the complexities of multi-disciplinary requirements, a design team of professionals from required disciplines shall be constituted at the appropriate stage. Here, it is desirable that the multi-disciplinary integration is initiated right from the concept stage. The team shall finalize the plan. The composition of the team shall depend on the nature and magnitude of the project. Design is an evolutionary and participatory process, where participation of owner constitutes a very important input at all stages, and the same shall be ensured by the design team.

To ensure proper implementation of the design, the design team, may be associated during the construction/ execution stage.

4.2 Project Management and Construction Management Teams

The objective of project management or construction management is primarily to achieve accomplishment of project in accordance with the designs and specifications in a stipulated time and cost framework, with a degree of assurance prior to commencement and satisfaction on accomplishment.

For large projects, separate teams of experienced professionals from the required disciplines may be constituted for project management and for construction management depending upon the complexities of the project. However, for smaller projects these teams may be combined. The teams shall be responsible for day-to-day execution, supervision, quality control, etc and shall ensure inter-disciplinary co-ordination during the construction stage. The team shall be responsible to achieve satisfactory completion of the project with regard to cost, time and quality. Some members of the design team may also be included in the project management team and/or associated actively during the project execution stage. It is important that leaders and members of project management/construction management teams.

depending on the size and complexity of the project, are carefully selected considering their qualification, experience and expertise in these fields.

4.3 Operation and Maintenance Team

Operation, maintenance and repairs also require a multi-disciplinary approach to ensure that all the requirements of the users are satisfactorily met. During maintenance and repairs, the jobs requiring inter- disciplinary co-ordination have to be executed in such a manner as not only to cause least inconvenience to the user but also to ensure that there is no mismatch or damage to the structure, finishings, fittings and fixtures. For carrying out routine maintenance/repair jobs, utilization of the services of trained technicians preferably having multi-disciplinary skills should be encouraged.

Special repairs, rehabilitation and retrofitting are specialized jobs which demand knowledge of the existing structure/installations. Association of concerned specialists may be helpful for these works.

The Operation and Maintenance Team may also be known as Asset Management or Estate Management Team.

5 PLANNING, DESIGNING AND DEVELOPMENT

5.1 The main functions of design team (see 4.1) constituted for the planning, designing and development, are as under:

a) Formalization of design brief in consultation with the owner.

b) Site investigation/survey.

c) Preparation of alternative concept designs.

d) Selection of a concept in consultation with and with the consent of owner.

e) Sizing the system.

f) Development of design, covering :

1) Integration of architecture, structure and services,

2) Synthesis of requirements of each discipline, and

3) Interaction with each other and with the owner.

g) Preparation of preliminary designs and drawings and obtaining owner's approval.

h) Preparation of preliminary cost estimates for

approval of owner, j) Preparation of work-breakdown structure and

programme for pre-construction activities, k) Assisting client to obtain approvals of the

Authority, m) Preparation of detailed specification and

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

construction working drawings with integration

of engineering inputs of all concerned

disciplines, n) Preparation of detailed design of each

discipline for various services. p) Peer review/proof checking of the drawings/

designs in case of important projects,

depending upon their complexity and

sensitivity, q) Preparation of detailed cost estimate, r) Obtaining final approval of client. s) Preparation of bill of quantities, specifications

and tender documents.

5.2 The following considerations, as may be applicable to the project, may be considered during planning, notwithstanding other relevant aspects specifically prescribed in concerned parts/sections of this Code; these considerations in general are with the objective of addressing to the important issues like environmental protection, energy conservation, cultural issues, creating barrier free built-environment, safety aspects, etc, all of these leading towards sustainable development, and have to be applied with due regard to the specific requirements of size and type of project:

a) Geoclimatic, geological and topographical features.

b) Varied sociological pattern of living in the country.

c) Effective land use to cater to the needs of the society in a most convenient manner.

d) Modular planning and standardization to take care of future planning giving due consideration to the specified planning controls.

e) Emphasis on daylight utilization, natural ventilation, shielding, and window area and its disposition; daylighting to be supplemented with an integrated design of artificial lighting.

f) Optimum utilization of renewable energy sources duly integrated in the overall energy system design; with consideration of active and passive aspects in building design including thermal performance of building envelope.

g) Rain water harvesting, and use of appropriate building materials considering aspects like energy consumption in production, transportation and utilization, recyclability, etc for promoting sustainable development.

h) Requisite mandatory provisions for handicapped persons.

j) Acoustical controls for buildings and the

surroundings, k) Promotion of artwork in buildings, specially

buildings of importance, m) Due cognizance of recommendations of the

Archeological Survey of India with regard to

national monuments and construction in

archeologically important sites. n) Due cognizance of relevant provisions of

applicable coastal zone regulation act. p) Conservation of heritage structures and areas, q) Environmental and social impact analysis, r) Design of services with emphasis on aspects

of energy efficiency, environment friendliness

and maintainability, s) Integrated waste management. t) Voice and data communication, automation

of building services, and intelligent building;

use of security and surveillance system in

important and sensitive buildings, such as,

access control for the people as well as for

vehicle, u) Interlinking of fire alarm system, fire

protection system, security system, ventilation,

electrical systems, etc. v) Analysis of emergency power, standby power

requirement and captive power systems, w) Cost optimization through techniques like

value engineering. y) Adoption of innovative technologies giving

due consideration to constructability and

quality aspects, z) Instrumentation of buildings and monitoring

and use of information so generated to effect

improvements in planning and design of

future building projects.

6 CONSTRUCTION/EXECUTION (ACTUALIZATION)

6.1 The main functions of the teams (see 4.2) constituted for Project Management/Construction Management may be, to :

a) specify criteria for selection of constructors;

b) specify quality control, quality audit system and safety system;

c) short-list constructors;

d) have pre-bid meetings with the intending constructors;

e) receive and evaluate tenders;

f) select constructors;

g) execution and supervision;

h) monitor quality, time and cost control;

PART 0 INTEGRATED APPROACH

j) prepare/certify the completion (as-built)

drawings; and k) ensure availability of operation manuals for

field use.

6.2 Apart from the specific provisions laid down in the concerned Parts/Sections of the Code, the following considerations, as may be applicable to the project concerned, shall be given due attention:

a) Adopting scientific principles of construction management, quality management, cost and time control.

b) Engagement of executing and supervising agencies, which meet the specified norms of skills, specialization, experience, resource- fulness, etc for the work.

c) Ensuring inter-disciplinary co-ordination during construction.

d) Contract management and techno-legal aspects.

e) Completion, commissioning and trial run of installations/equipments and their operation and maintenance through the suppliers/other teams, where necessary.

f) Make available shop drawings as well as as- built drawings for the building and services.

g) Arrange all maintenance and operation manual from the concerned suppliers/ manufacturers.

6.3 The team of professionals (see 4.2) shall work and monitor the project activities for successful construction/execution of the project with regard to cost, time, quality and safety.

7 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

7.1 The team of professionals (see 4.3) shall set up a

system of periodic maintenance and upkeep of constructed buildings.

7.2 The operation and maintenance team shall be responsible for preparation/application of operation and maintenance manual, and draw maintenance schedule/frequencies and guidelines for maintenance personnel. Apart from the specific provisions laid down in concerned Parts/Sections of the Code, the following, as may be applicable to the project concerned shall additionally be taken into account;

a) Periodic validation of buildings by competent professionals through inspection of the buildings in respect of structural safety and safety of electrical and other installations and ensuring that all fire safety equipments/ systems are in proper working condition.

b) Preparation of preventive maintenance schedules for all installations in the building and strictly following the same; the record of the preventive maintenance to be properly kept.

c) Ensuring inter-disciplinary co-ordination during maintenance and repairs; deployment of trained personnel with multi-disciplinary skills to be encouraged.

d) Condition survey of structures and installations, identification of distress of various elements and initiating plans for rehabilitation/retrofitting well in time.

7.3 The proposals for rehabilitation/retrofitting should be prepared after detailed investigations through visual inspection, maintenance records and testing as required and got executed through specialized agencies under the guidance and supervision of competent professionals.

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

ANNEX A {Clause 3.2)

BRIEF DETAILS OF THE COVERAGE OF VARIOUS PROVISIONS UNDER DIFFERENT OTHER PARTS/SECTIONS OF THIS CODE

A-1 PART 1 DEFINITIONS

It lists the terms appearing in all the Parts/Sections of the Code. However, some common definitions are reproduced in this Part also.

A-2 PART 2 ADMINISTRATION

It covers the administrative aspects of the Code, such as applicability of the Code, organization of building department for enforcement of the Code, procedure for obtaining development and building permits, and responsibility of the owner and all professionals involved in the planning, design and construction of the building.

A-3 PART 3 DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES AND GENERAL BUILDING REQUIREMENTS

It covers the development control rules and general building requirements for proper planning and design at the layout and building level to ensure health safety, public safety and desired quality of life.

A-4 PART 4 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY

It covers the requirements for fire prevention, life safety in relation to fire, and fire protection of buildings. The Code specifies planning and construction features and fire protection features for all occupancies that are necessary to minimize danger to life and property.

A-5 PARTS BUILDING MATERIALS

It covers the requirements of building materials and components, and criteria for accepting new or alternative building materials and components.

A-6 PART 6 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

This Part through its seven sections provides for structural adequacy of buildings to deal with both internal and external environment, and provide guidance to engineers/structural engineers for varied usage of material/technology types for building design.

A-6.1 Section 1 Loads, Forces and Effects

It covers basic design loads to be assumed in the design of buildings. The live loads, wind loads, seismic loads, snow loads and other loads, which are specified therein, are minimum working loads which should be taken into consideration for purposes of design.

A-6.2 Section 2 Soils and Foundations

It covers structural design (principles) of all building foundations, such as, raft, pile and other foundation systems to ensure safety and serviceability without exceeding the permissible stresses of the materials of foundations and the bearing capacity of the supporting soil.

A-6.3 Section 3 Timber and Bamboo

A-6.3.1 Section 3A Timber

It covers the use of structural timber in structures or elements of structures connected together by fasteners/ fastening techniques.

A-6.3.2 Section 3B Bamboo

It covers the use of bamboo for constructional purposes in structures or elements of the structure, ensuring quality and effectiveness of design and construction using bamboo. It covers minimum strength data, dimensional and grading requirements, seasoning, preservative treatment, design and jointing techniques with bamboo which would facilitate scientific application and long-term performance of structures. It also covers guidelines so as to ensure proper procurement, storage, precautions and design limitations on bamboo.

A-6.4 Section 4 Masonry

It covers the structural design aspects of unreinforced load bearing and non-load bearing walls, constructed using various bricks, stones and blocks permitted in accordance with this Section. This, however, also covers provisions for design of reinforced brick and reinforced brick concrete floors and roofs. It also covers guidelines regarding earthquake resistance of low strength masonry buildings.

A-6.5 Section 5 Concrete

A-6.5.1 Section 5A Plain and Reinforced Concrete

It covers the general structural use of plain and reinforced concrete.

A-6.5.2 Section 5B Prestressed Concrete

It covers the general structural use of prestressed concrete. It covers both work carried out on site and the manufacture of precast prestressed concrete units.

PART 0 INTEGRATED APPROACH

A-6.6 Section 6 Steel

It covers the use of structural steel in general building construction including the use of hot rolled steel sections and steel tubes.

A-6.7 Section 7 Prefabrication, Systems Building and Mixed/Composite Construction

A-6.7.1 Section 7 A Prefabricated Concrete

It covers recommendations regarding modular planning, component sizes, prefabrication systems, design considerations, joints and manufacture, storage, transport and erection of prefabricated concrete elements for use in buildings and such related requirements for prefabricated concrete.

A-6.7.2 Section 7B Systems Building and Mixed/ Composite Construction

It covers recommendations regarding modular planning, component sizes, joints, manufacture, storage, transport and erection of prefabricated elements for use in buildings and such related requirements for mixed/composite construction.

A-7 PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY

It covers the constructional planning, management and practices in buildings; storage, stacking and handling of materials and safety of personnel during construction operations for all elements of a building and demolition of buildings. It also covers guidelines relating to maintenance management, repairs, retrofitting and strengthening of buildings. The objective can be best achieved through proper coordination and working by the project management and construction management teams.

A-8 PARTS BUILDING SERVICES

This Part through its five elaborate sections on utilities provides detailed guidance to concerned professionals/ utility engineers for meeting necessary functional requirements in buildings.

A-8.1 Section 1 Lighting and Ventilation

It covers requirements and methods for lighting and ventilation of buildings.

A-8.2 Section 2 Electrical and Allied Installations

It covers the essential requirements for electrical and allied installations in buildings to ensure efficient use of electricity including safety from fire and shock. This Section also includes general requirements relating to lightning protection of buildings.

A-8.3 Section 3 Air Conditioning, Heating and Mechanical Ventilation

This Section covers the design, construction and installation of air conditioning and heating systems and equipment installed in buildings for the purpose of providing and maintaining conditions of air temperature, humidity, purity and distribution suitable for the use and occupancy of the space.

A-8.4 Section 4 Acoustics, Sound Insulation and Noise Control

It covers requirements and guidelines regarding planning against noise, acceptable noise levels and the requirements for sound insulation in buildings with different occupancies.

A-8. 5 Section 5 Installation of Lifts and Escalators

It covers the essential requirements for the installation, operation, maintenance and also inspection of lifts (passenger lifts, goods lifts, hospital lifts, service lifts and dumb-waiter) and escalators so as to ensure safe and satisfactory performance.

A-9 PART 9 PLUMBING SERVICES

This Part through its two sections gives detailed guidance to concerned professionals/plumbing engineers with regard to plumbing and other related requirements in buildings.

A-9.1 Section 1 Water Supply, Drainage and Sanitation (Including Solid Waste Management)

It covers the basic requirements of water supply for residential, business and other types of buildings, including traffic terminal stations. This Section also deals with general requirements of plumbing connected to public water supply and design of water supply systems.

It also covers the design, layout, construction and maintenance of drains for foul water, surface water and sub-soil water and sewage; together with all ancillary works, such as connections, manholes and inspection chambers used within the building and from building to the connection to a public sewer, private sewer, individual sewage-disposal system, cess-pool, soakaway or to other approved point of disposal/ treatment work. It also includes the provisions on solid waste management.

A-9.2 Section 2 Gas Supply

It covers the requirements regarding the safety of persons and property for all piping uses and for all types of gases used for fuel or lighting purposes in buildings.

10

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

A-10 PART 10 LANDSCAPING, SIGNS AND A-10.2 Section 2 Signs and Outdoor Display

OUTDOOR DISPLAY STRUCTURES Structures

A-10.1 Section 1 Landscape Planning and Design It covers the requirements with regard to public safety.

It covers requirements of landscape planning and structural safety and fire safety of all signs and outdoor

design with the view to promoting quahty of outdoor "^'""P^^y structures including the overall aesthetical

built environment and protection of land and its aspects of imposition of signs and outdoor display

resources structures in the outdoor built environment.

PART 0 INTEGRATED APPROACH 11

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES Section 1 Lighting and Ventilation

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

CONTENTS

FOREWORD

1 SCOPE

2 TERMINOLOGY

3 ORIENTATION OF BUILDING

4 LIGHTING

5 VENTILATION

ANNEX A SKY COMPONENT TABLES LIST OF STANDARDS

5

5

8

11

35

43 47

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

National Building Code Sectional Committee, CED 46

FOREWORD

Illumination levels for different tasks are recommended to be achieved either by daylighting or artificial lighting or a combination of both. This Section, read together with Part 8 'Building Services, Section 2 Electrical and Allied Installations', adequately covers the illumination levels required and methods of achieving the same.

Ventilation requirements to maintain air quality and control body odours in terms of air changes per hour and to ensure thermal comfort and heat balance of body are laid for different occupancies and the methods of achieving the same by natural means are covered in this Section. The provisions on mechanical ventilation are covered in Part 8 'Building Services, Section 3 Air Conditioning, Heating and Mechanical Ventilation'.

Climatic factors which normally help in deciding the orientation of the buildings to get desirable benefits of lighting and ventilation inside the buildings are also covered in this Section.

This Section was first published in 1970. The first revision of the Section was brought out in 1983. In this revision, some provisions have been updated based on the information given in the SP 41 : 1987 'Handbook on functional requirements of buildings (other than industrial buildings)'; other major changes in this revision are:

a) Rationalization of definitions and inclusion of definitions for some more terms.

b) A climatic classification map of India based on a new criteria has been included.

c) Data on total solar radiations incident on various surfaces of buildings for summer and winter seasons have been updated.

d) Design guidelines for natural ventilation have been included.

e) For guidelines on mechanical ventilation, reference to Part 8 'Building Services, Section 3 Air Conditioning, Heating and Mechanical Ventilation' has been made, where these provisions have now been covered exhaustively.

f) Rationalized method for estimation of desired capacity of ceiling fans and their optimum height above the floor for rooms of different sizes have been included.

g) Design sky illuminance values for different climatic zones of India have been incorporated.

Energy efficiency is an important aspect being taken care of in this revision of the Code. Accordingly, the relevant requirements for energy efficient system for lighting and ventilation have been duly included in the concerned provisions under this Section.

The provisions of this Section are without prejudice to the various Acts, Rules and Regulations including the Factories Act, 1948 and Rules and Regulations framed thereunder.

The information contained in this Section in largely based on the following Indian Standards/Special Publications:

IS 2440 : 1975 Guide for daylighting of buildings {second revision)

IS 3103 : 1975 Code of practice for industrial ventilation (first revision)

IS 3362 : 1977 Code of practice for natural ventilation of residential buildings (first revision)

IS 3646 Code of practice for interior illumination: Part 1 General requirements and

(Part 1) : 1992 recommendations for building interiors (first revision)

IS 7662 Recommendations for orientation of buildings: Part 1 Non-industrial buildings

(Part 1) : 1974

IS 1 1907 : 1986 Recommendations for calculation of solar radiation on buildings

SP 32 : 1986 Handbook on functional requirements of industrial buildings (lighting and ventilation)

SP 41 : 1987 Handbook on functional requirements of buildings other than industrial buildings

Provisions given in National Lighting Code (under preparation) may also be referred.

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND VENTILATION 3

The following publication has also been referred to in the preparation of this Section:

Report on energy conservation in buildings, submitted to Department of Power, Ministry of Energy by Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee.

All standards, whether given herein above or cross-referred to in the main text of this Section, are subject to revision. The parties to agreement based on this Section are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards.

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES Section 1 Lighting and Ventilation

1 SCOPE

This Section covers requirements and methods for lighting and ventilation of buildings.

2 TERMINOLOGY

2.0 For the purpose of this Section, the following definitions shall apply.

2.1 Lighting

2.1.1 Altitude (0) — The angular distance of any point of celestial sphere, measured from the horizon, on the great circle passing through the body and the zenith (see Fig. 1).

2.1.2 Azimuth ((|)) — The angle measured between meridians passing through the north point and the point in question (point C in Fig. 1).

z
	^
//""' A 1 o/ e		-J N
\ \ ' y	'/	/
V \ /	/	V
\^	L^	X	^ MERIDIAN
NA
REFERENCES
O - Observer's station	5 -	Geographical south
C - Celestial body	E -	Geographical east
Z - Zenith	W -	Geographical west
NA- Nadir	N -	Geographical north
Fig. 1 Altitude and Azimuth of a
Celestial Body

2.1.3 Brightness Ratio or Contrast — The variations or contrast in brightness of the details of a visual task, such as white print on blackboard.

2.1.4 Candela (cd) intensity.

The SI unit of luminous

Candela = 1 lumen per steradian

2.1.5 Central Field — The area of circle round the point of fixation and its diameter, subtending an angle of about 2° at the eye. Objects within this area are most critically seen in both their details and colour.

2.1.6 Clear Design Sky — The distribution of luminance of such a sky is non-uniform; the horizon is brighter than the zenith, and when L is the brightness at zenith, the brightness at an altitude (9) in the region away from the sun, is given by the expression:

Lj = L^ cosec 6

when 0 lies between 15° and 90°, when 0 lies between 0° and 15°.

and L„ is constant

2.1.7 Colour Rendering Index (CRI) — Measure of the degree to which the psychophysical colour of an object illuminated by the test illuminant conforms to that of the same object illuminated by the reference illuminant, suitable allowance having been made for the state of chromatic adaptation.

2.1.8 Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT) (Unit: K) — The temperature of the Planckian radiator whose perceived colour most closely resembles that of a given stimulus at the same brightness and under specified viewing conditions.

2.1.9 Daylight Area — The superficial area on the working plane illuminated to not less than a specified daylight factor, that is, the area within the relevant contour.

2.1.10 Daylight Factor — The measure of total daylight illuminance at a point on a given plane expressed as the ratio (or percentage) which the illuminance at the point on the given plane bears to the simultaneous illuminance on a horizontal plane due to clear design sky at an exterior point open to the whole sky vault, direct sunlight being excluded.

2.1.11 Daylight Penetration — The maximum distance to which a given daylight factor contour penetrates into a room.

2.1.12 Direct Solar Illuminance — The illuminance from the sun without taking into account the light from the sky.

2.1.13 External Reflected Component (ERC) — The ratio (or percentage) of that part of the daylight illuminance at a point on a given plane which is received by direct reflection from external surfaces as compared to the simultaneous exterior illuminance on a horizontal plane from the entire hemisphere of an unobstructed clear design sky.

2.1.14 Glare — A condition of vision in which there is discomfort or a reduction in the ability to see

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND VENTILATION

significant objects or both due to an unsuitable distribution or range of luminance or due to extreme contrasts in space and time.

2.1.15 Illuminance — At a point on a surface, the ratio of the luminous flux incident on an infinitesimal element of the surface containing the point under consideration to the area of the element.

NOTE — The unit of illuminance (the measurement of illumination) is lux which is 1 lumen per square metre.

2.1.16 Internal Reflected Component (IRC) — The ratio (or percentage) of that part of the daylight illuminance at a point in a given plane which is received by direct reflection or inter-reflection from the internal surfaces as compared to the simultaneous exterior illuminance on a horizontal plane due to the entire hemisphere of an unobstructed clear design sky.

2.1.17 Light Output Ratio (LOR) or Efficiency (t[) — The ratio of the luminous flux emitted from the luminaire to that emitted from the lamp(s) (nominal luminous flux). It is expressed in percent.

2.1.18 Lumen (Im) — SI unit of luminous flux. The luminous flux emitted within unit solid angle (one steradian) by a point source having a uniform intensity of one candela.

2.1.19 Luminance (At a point of a Surface in a Given Direction) (Brightness) — The quotient of the luminous intensity in the given direction of an infinitesimal element of the surface containing the point under consideration by the orthogonally projected area of the element on a plane perpendicular to the given direction. The unit is candela per square metre (cd/m^).

2.1.20 Luminous Flux ((|) ) — The quantity characteristic of radiant flux which expresses its capacity to produce visual sensation evaluated according to the values of relative luminous efficiency for the light adapted eye;

a) Effective luminous flux ((|) ) — Total luminous flux which reaches the working plane.

b) Nominal luminous flux (^ ) — Total luminous flux of the light sources in the interior.

2.1.21 Maintenance Factor (d) — The ratio of the average illuminance on the working plane after a certain period of use of a lighting installation to the average illuminance obtained under the same conditions for a new installation.

2.1.22 Meridian — It is the great circle passing through the zenith and nadir for a given point of observation.

2.1.23 North and South Points — The point in the respective directions where the meridian cuts the horizon.

2.1.24 Orientation of Buildings — In the case of non- square buildings, orientation refers to the direction of the normal to the long axis. For example, if the length of the building is east-west, its orientation is north- south.

2.1.25 Peripheral Field — It is the rest of the visual field which enables the observer to be aware of the spatial framework surrounding the object seen.

NOTE — A central part of the peripheral field, subtending an angle of about 30° on either side of the point of fixation, is chiefly involved in the perception of glare.

2.1.26 Reflected Glare — The variety of ill effects on visual efficiency and comfort produced by unwanted reflections in and around the task area.

2.1.27 Reflection Factor (Reflectance) — The ratio of the luminous flux reflected by a body (with or without diffusion) to the flux it receives. Some symbols used for reflection factor are:

r = Reflection factor of ceiling.

r = Reflection factor of parts of the wall between

the working surface and the luminaires. Tj = Reflection factor of floor.

2.1.28 Reveal — The side of an opening for a window.

2.1.29 Room Index (k) — An index relating to the shape of a rectangular interior, according to the formula:

L.W

' {L + W)H^^

where L and W are the length and width respectively of the interior, and H is the mounting height, that is, height of the fittings above the working plane.

NOTES

1 For rooms where the length exceeds 5 times the width, L shall be taken as L = 5W.

2 If the reflection factor of the upper stretch of the walls is less than half the reflection factor of the ceiling, for indirect or for the greater part of indirect lighting, the value H is measured between the ceiling and the working plane.

2.1.30 Sky Component (SC) — The ratio (or percentage) of that part of the daylight illuminance at a point on a given plane which is received directly from the sky as compared to the simultaneous exterior illuminance on a horizontal plane from the entire hemisphere of an unobstructed clear design sky.

2.1.31 Solar Load — The amount of heat received into a building due to solar radiation which is affected by orientation, materials of construction and reflection of external finishes and colour.

2.1.32 Utilization Factor (Coefficient of Utilizaiton) (jl) — The ratio of the total luminous flux which reaches the working plane (effective luminous

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

flux, (|) ) to the total luminous flux of the light sources in the interior (nominal luminous flux, (|) ).

2.1.33 Visual Field — The visual field in the binocular which includes an area approximately 120° vertically and 160° horizontally centering on the point to which the eyes are directed. The line joining the point of fixation and the centre of the pupil of each eye is called its primary line of sight.

2.1.34 Working Plane — A horizontal plane at a level at which work will normally be done (see 4.1.3.3 and 4.1.3.4).

2.2 Ventilation

2.2.1 Air Change per Hour — The amount of air leakage into or out of a building or room in terms of the number of building volume or room volume exchanged.

2.2.2 Axial Flow Fan — A fan having a casing in which the air enters and leaves the impeller in a direction substantially parallel to its axis.

2.2.3 Centrifugal Fan — A fan in which the air leaves the impeller in a direction substantially at right angles to its axis.

2.2.4 Contaminants — Dusts, fumes, gases, mists, vapours and such other substances present in air as are likely to be injurious or offensive to the occupants.

2.2.5 Dilution Ventilation — Supply of outside air to reduce the air-borne concentration of contaminants in the building.

2.2.6 Dry Bulb Temperature — The temperature of the air, read on a thermometer, taken in such a way as to avoid errors due to radiation.

2.2.7 Effective Temperature (FT) — An arbitrary index which combines into a single value the effect of temperature, humidity and air movement on the sensation of warmth or cold felt by the human body and its numerical value is that of the temperature of still saturated air which would induce an identical sensation.

2.2.8 Fxhaust of Air — Removal of air from a building or a room and its disposal outside by means of a mechanical device, such as a fan.

2.2.9 Fresh Air or Outside Air — Air of that quality, which meets the criteria of Table 1 and in addition shall be such that the concentration of any contaminant in the air is limited to within one-tenth the threshold limit value (TLV) of that contaminant.

NOTES

1 Where it is reasonably believed that the air of quality is unexpectable as indicated above, sampling and analysis shall

be earned out by a competent authority having jurisdiction and if the outside air of the quality specified is not available, filtration and other treatment devices shall be used to bring its quality to or above the levels mentioned in Table 1 .

2 The list of contaminants given in Table 1 is not exhaustive and available special literature may be referred for data on other contaminants.

Table 1 Maximum Allowable Contaminant
Concentrations for Ventilation Air Contaminants
Annual Average (Arithmetic Mean)
	{Clause 2.2.9)
Contaminants	Annual	Short-Term	Averaging
	Average	Level (Not	Period
	(Arithmetic	to exceed
	Mean)	More than Once a Year)
	(g/m^	Ig/m'	h
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Suspended particulates	60	150	24
Sulphur oxides	80	400	24
Carbon monoxide	20 000	30 000	8
Photochemical oxidant	100	500	1
Hydrocarbons (not	1800	4 000	3
including methanes)
Nitrogen oxide	200	500	24
Odour: Essentially
unobjectionable

2.2.10 General Ventilation — Ventilation, either natural or mechanical or both, so as to improve the general environment of the building, as opposed to local exhaust ventilation for contamination control.

2.2.11 Globe Temperature — The temperature measured by a thermometer whose bulb is enclosed in a matt black painted thin copper globe of 150 mm diameter. It combines the influence of air temperature and thermal radiations received or emitted by the bounding surfaces.

2.2.12 Humidification — The process whereby the absolute humidity of the air in a building is maintained at a higher level than that of outside air or at a level higher than that which would prevail naturally.

2.2.13 Humidity, Absolute vapour per unit volume.

The mass of water

2.2.14 Humidity, Relative — The ratio of the partial pressure or density of the water vapour in the air to the saturated pressure or density respectively of water vapour at the same temperature.

2.2.15 Local Exhaust Ventilation — Ventilation effected by exhaust of air through an exhaust appliance, such as a hood with or without fan located as closely as possible to the point at which contaminants are

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND VENTILATION

released, so as to capture effectively the contaminants and convey them through ducts to a safe point of discharge.

2.2.16 Make-up Air — Outside air supplied into a building to replace the indoor air.

2.2.17 Mechanical Ventilation — Supply of outside air either by positive ventilation or by infiltration by reduction of pressure inside due to exhaust of air, or by a combination of positive ventilation and exhaust of air.

2.2.18 Natural Ventilation — Supply of outside air into a building through window or other openings due to wind outside and convection effects arising from temperature or vapour pressure differences (or both) between inside and outside of the building.

2.2.19 Positive Ventilation — The supply of outside air by means of a mechanical device, such as a fan.

2.2.20 Propeller Fan — A fan in which the air leaves the impeller in a direction substantially parallel to its axis designed to operate normally under free inlet and outlet conditions.

2.2.21 Spray-Head System — A system of atomizing water so as to introduce free moisture directly into a building.

2.2.22 Stack Effect — Convection effect arising from temperature or vapour pressure difference (or both) between outside and inside of the room and the difference of height between the outlet and inlet openings.

2.2.23 Tropical Summer Index (TSI) — The temperature of calm air at 50 percent relative humidity which imparts the same thermal sensation as the given environment. TSI (in °C) is express as

0.745 r^ + 0.308 t„ -2.06 /i7+ 0.841

where

t = Globe temperature, °C;

t = Wet bulb temperature, °C; and

V = Wind speed, m/s.

2.2.24 Threshold Limit Value (TLV) — Refers to air- borne concentration of contaminants currently accepted by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists and represents conditions under which it is believed that nearly all occupants may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect.

2.2.25 Velocity, Capture — Air velocity at any point in front of the exhaust hood necessary to overcome opposing air currents and to capture the contaminants

in air at that point by causing the air to flow into the exhaust hood.

2.2.26 Ventilation — Supply of outside air into, or the removal of inside air from an enclosed space.

2.2.27 Wet Bulb Temperature — The steady temperature finally given by a thermometer having its bulb covered with gauze or muslin moistened with distilled water and placed in an air stream of not less than 4.5 m/s.

3 ORIENTATION OF BUILDING

3.1 The chief aim of orientation of buildings is to provide physically and psychologically comfortable living inside the building by creating conditions which suitably and successfully ward off the undesirable effects of severe weather to a considerable extent by judicious use of the recommendations and knowledge of climatic factors.

3.2 Basic Zones

3.2.1 For the purpose of design of buildings, the country may be divided into the major climatic zones as given in Table 2, which also gives the basis of this classification.

	Table 2	Classification of Climate
		{Clause 3.2.1)
SI	Climatic	Mean Monthly	Mean Monthly
No.	Zone	Maximum	Relative Humidity
		Temperature (°C)	Percentage
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
i)	Hot-Dry	above 30	below 55
ii)	Warm-Humid	above 30	above 55
		above 25	above 75
iii)	Temperate	between 25-30	below 75
iv)	Cold	below 25	All values
V)	Composite	see	3.2.2

The climatic classification map of India is shown in Fig. 2.

3.2.2 Each climatic zone does not have same climate for the whole year; it has a particular season for more than six months and may experience other seasons for the remaining period. A climatic zone that does not have any season for more than six months may be called as composite zone.

3.3 Climatic Factors

From the point of view of lighting and ventilation, the following climatic factors influence the optimum orientation of the building:

a) solar radiation and temperature

b) relative humidity, and

c) prevailing winds.

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

76

§0

T

MAP OF INDIA

SHOWING CLIMATIC ZONES

Based upon Survey of India Outline Map printed in 1993.

© Government of India Copyright, 2005

The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base

line.

The boundary of Meghalaya shown on this map is as interpreted from the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 , but

has yet to be verified.

Responsibility for correctness of internal details shown on the map rests with the publisher.

The state boundaries between Uttaranchal & Uttar Pradesh, Bihar & Jharkhand and Chhatisgarh & IVIadhya Pradesh have not

been verified by Governments concerned.

Fig. 2 Map of India Showing Climatic Zone

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND VENTILATION

3.4 Solar Radiation

3.4.1 The best orientation from solar point of view requires that the building as a whole should receive the maximum solar radiation in winter and the minimum in summer. For practical evaluation, it is necessary to know the duration of sunshine, and hourly solar intensity on the various external surfaces on representative days of the seasons. The total direct plus diffused diurnal solar loads per unit area on vertical surface facing different directions are given in Table 3 for two days in the year, that is, 22 June and 22 December, representative of summer and winter, for latitudes corresponding to some important cities all over India. From Table 3, the total heat intake can be calculated for all possible orientations of the building for these extreme days of summer and winter.

3.4.1.1 Except in cold climatic zone, suitable sun- breakers have to be provided to cut off the incursion of direct sunlight to prevent heat radiation and to avoid glare.

3.5 Relative Humidity and Prevailing Winds

3.5.1 The discomfort due to high relative humidity in air when temperatures are also high can be counteracted, to a great extent, by circulation of air with electric fans or by ventilation. In the past, simultaneously with heavy construction and surrounding VERANDAHS to counter the effect of sun's radiation, there was also an over emphasis on prevailing winds to minimize the adverse effects of

high humidity with high temperatures. With the introduction of electric fan to effectively circulate air and owing to taking into account the rise in cost of construction of buildings, it would perhaps be better to shift the emphasis on protection from solar radiation where temperatures are very high. When, however, there is less diurnal variation between morning and mean maximum temperatures along with high humidity, as in coastal areas, the emphasis should be on prevailing winds.

3.5.1.1 For the purpose of orientation, it is necessary to study the velocity and direction of the wind at each hour and in each month instead of relying on generalizations of a month or a period or for the year as a whole. This helps to spot the right winds for a particular period of day or night.

3.5.1.2 It is generally found that variation up to 30° with respect to the prevalent wind direction does not materially affect indoor ventilation (average indoor air speed) inside the building.

3.5.2 In hot-dry climate, advantage can be taken of evaporative cooling in summer to cool the air before introducing it into the building. But in warm humid climate, it is desirable either to regulate the rate of air movement with the aid of electric fans or to take advantage of prevailing winds.

3.6 Aspects of Daylighting

Since the clear design sky concept for daylighting takes care of the worst possible situation, orientation is not

Table 3 Total Solar Radiation (Direct plus Diffused) Incident on Various Surfaces of Buildings in W/m^/day for Summer and Winter Seasons
			(Clause	3.4.1)
Orientation				Latitude
^^						~^
r (1)	(2)	9 N (3)	13 N (4)	17 N (5)		21 N (6)	25 N (7)	29 N (8)
North	Summer Winter	1494 873	1251 859	2 102 840		1775 825	2 173 802	1927 765
North-East	Summer Winter	2 836 1240	2717 1 158	3 144 1068		3 092 1001	3 294 912	3 189 835
East	Summer Winter	3 344 2 800	3 361 2 673	3 475 2 525		3 598 2 409	3 703 2211	3 794 2 055
South-East	Summer Winter	2 492 3 936	2 660 3 980	2 393 3 980		2 629 3 995	2 586 3 892	2 735 3 818
South	Summer Winter	1009 4 674	1 185 4 847	1035 4 958		1 117 5 059	1 112 4 942	1350 4 981
South-West	Summer Winter	2 492 3 936	2 660 3 980	2 393 3 980		2 629 3 995	2 586 3 892	2 735 3 818
West	Summer Winter	3 341 2 800	3 361 2 673	3 475 2 525		3 598 2 409	3 703 2211	3 794 2 055
North-West	Summer Winter	2 836 1240	2 717 1 158	3 144 1068		3 092 1001	3 294 912	3 189 835
Horizontal	Summer Winter	8 107 6 409	8 139 6 040	8 379 5 615		8 553 5 231	8 817 4 748	8 863 4 281

10

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

a major problem for daylighting in buildings, except that direct sunshine and glare should be avoided. However, due allowance should be given to the mutual shading effects of opposite facades.

3.7 Planting of Trees

Planting of trees in streets and in open spaces should be done carefully to take advantage of both shades and sunshine without handicapping the flow of natural winds. Their advantage in abating glare and in providing cool and/or warm pockets in developed areas should also be taken. Some trees shed leaves in winter while retaining thick foliage in summer. Such trees will be very advantageous, particularly where southern and western exposures are concerned, by allowing maximum sun during winter and effectively blocking it in summer.

3.8 For detailed information regarding orientation of buildings and recommendations for various climatic zones of country, reference may be made to good practice [8-1(1)].

4 LIGHTING

4.1 Principles of Lighting

4.1.1 Aims of Good Lighting

Good lighting is necessary for all buildings and has three primary aims. The first aim is to promote work and other activities carried out within the building; the second aim is to promote the safety of the people using the building; and the third aim is to create, in conjunction with the structure and decoration, a pleasing environment conducive to interest of the occupants and a sense of their well-being.

4.1.1.1 Realization of these aims involves:

a) careful planning of the brightness and colour pattern within both the working areas and the surroundings so that attention is drawn naturally to the important areas, detail is seen quickly and accurately and the room is free from any sense of gloom or monotony (see 4.1.3);

b) using directional lighting where appropriate to assist perception of task detail and to give good modeling;

c) controlling direct and reflected glare from light sources to eliminate visual discomfort;

d) in artificial lighting installations, minimizing flicker from certain types of lamps and paying attention to the colour rendering properties of the light;

e) correlating lighting throughout the building to prevent excessive differences between adjacent areas so as to reduce the risk of accidents; and

f) installation of emergency lighting systems, where necessary.

4.1.2 Planning the Brightness Pattern

The brightness pattern seen within an interior may be considered as composed of three main parts — the task itself, immediate background of the task and the general surroundings of walls, ceiling, floor, equipment and furnishings.

4.1.2.1 In occupations where the visual demands are small, the levels of illumination derived from a criterion of visual performance alone may be too low to satisfy the other requirements. For such situations, therefore, illuminance recommendations are based on standards of welfare, safety and amenity judged appropriate to the occupations; they are also sufficient to give these tasks brightness which ensured that the visual performance exceeds the specified minimum. Unless there are special circumstances associated with the occupation, it is recommended that the illuminance of all working areas within a building should generally be 150 lux, even though the visual demands of the occupation might be satisfied by lower values.

4.1.2.2 Where work takes place over the whole utilizable area of room, the illumination over that area should be reasonably uniform and it is recommended that the uniformity ratio (minimum illuminance divided by average illuminance levels) should be not less than 0.7 for the working area.

4.1.2.3 When the task brightness appropriate to an occupation has been determined, the brightness of the other parts of the room should be planned to give a proper emphasis to visual comfort and interest.

A general guide for the brightness relationship within the normal field of vision should be as follows:

a) For high task brightness Maximum (above 100 cd/m^)

1) Between the visual task 3 to 1 and the adjacent areas

like table tops

2) Between the visual task 10 to 1 and the remote areas of

the room

b) For low and medium task brightness (below 100 cd/m-): The task should be brighter than both the background and the surroundings; the lower the task brightness, the less critical is the relationship.

4.1.3 Recommended Values of Illuminance

Table 4 gives recommended values of illuminance commensurate with the general standards of lighting

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND VENTILATION

11

described in this section and related to many occupations and buildings; These are valid under most of the conditions whether the illumination is by daylighting, artificial lighting or a combination of the two. The great variety of visual tasks makes it impossible to list them all and those given should be regarded as representing types of task.

4.1.3.1 The different locations and tasks are grouped within the following four sections:

a) Industrial buildings and process;

b) Offices, schools and public buildings;

c) Surgeries and hospitals; and

d) Hotels, restaurants, shops and homes.

4.1.3.2 The illumination levels recommended in Table 4 are those to be maintained at all time on the task. As circumstances may be significantly different for different interiors used for the same application or for different conditions for the same kind of activity, a range of illuminances is recommended for each type of interior or activity instead of a single value of illuminance. Each range consists of three sucessive steps of the recommended scale of illuminances. For working interiors the middle value of each range represents the recommended service illuminance that would be used unless one or more of the factors mentioned below apply.

4.1.3.2.1 The higher value of the range should be used when:

a) unusually low reflectances or contrasts are present in the task;

b) errors are costly to rectify;

c) visual work is critical;

d) accuracy or higher productivity is of great importance; and

e) the visual capacity of the worker makes it ncessary.

4.1.3.2.2 The lower value of the range may be used when:

a) reflectances or contrast are unusually high;

b) speed and accuracy is not important; and

c) the task is executed only occasionally.

4.1.3.3 Where a visual task is required to be carried out throughout an interior, general illumination level to the recommended value on the working plane is necessary; where the precise height and location of the task are not known or cannot be easily specified, the recommended value is that on horizontal plane 850 mm above floor level.

NOTE — For an industrial task, working plane for the purpose of general illumination levels is that on a work place which is

generally 750 mm above the floor level. For certain purposes, such as viewing the objects of arts, the illumination levels recommended are for the vertical plane at which the art pieces are placed.

4.1.3.4 Where the task is localized, the recommended value is that for the task only; it need not, and sometimes should not, be the general level of illumination used throughout the interior. Some processes, such as industrial inspection process, call for lighting of specialized design, in which case the level of illumination is only one of the several factors to be taken into account.

4.1.4 Glare

Excessive contrast or abrupt and large changes in brightness produce the effect of glare. When glare is present, the efficiency of vision is reduced and small details or subtle changes in scene cannot be perceived. It may be

a) direct glare due to light sources within the field of vision,

b) reflected glare due to reflections from light sources or surfaces of excessive brightness, and

c) veiling glare where the peripheral field is comparatively very bright.

4.1.4.1 An example of glare sources in daylighting is the view of the bright sky through a window or skylight, especially when the surrounding wall or ceiling is comparatively dark or weakly illuminated. Glare can be minimized in this case either by shielding the open sky from direct sight by louvers, external hoods or deep reveals, curtains or other shading devices or by cross lighting the surroundings to a comparable level. A gradual transition of brightness from one portion to the other within the field of vision always avoids or minimizes the glare discomfort.

4.1.5 Lighting for Movement about a Building

Most buildings are complexes of working areas and other areas, such as passages, corridors, stairways, lobbies and entrances. The lighting of all these areas should be properly correlated to give safe movement within the building at all times.

4.1.5.1 Corridors, passages and stairways

Accidents may result if people leave a well-lighted working area and pass immediately into corridors or on to stairways where the lighting is inadequate, as the time needed for adaptation to the lower level may be too long to permit obstacles or the treads of stairs to be seen sufficiently quickly. For the same reason, it is desirable that the illumination level of rooms which open off a working area should be fairly high even though the rooms may be used only occasionally.

12

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

	Table 4 Recommended Values of Illuminance
	(Clauses 4.1.3,	4.1.3.2, 4.3.2 an^ 4.3.2.1)
SI No.	Type of Interior or Activity	Range of Service Illuminance in Lux	Quality Class of Direct Glare Limitation	Remarks
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
1	AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE
1.1	Inspection of Farm Produce where Colour is Important	300-500-750	1	Local lighting may be appropriate
	Other Important Tasks	200-300-500	2	Local lighting may be appropriate
1.2	Farm Workshops
1.2.1	General	50-100-150	3
1.2.2	Workbench or machine	200-300-500	2	Local or portable hghting may be appropriate
13	Milk Premises	50-100-150	3
1.4	Sick Animal Pets, Calf Nurseries	30-50-100	3
1.5	Other Firm and Horticultural Buildings	20-30-50	3
2	COAL MINING (SURFACE BUILDINGS)
2.1	Coal Preparation Plant
2.1.1	Walkways, floors under conveyors	30-50-100	3
2.1.2	Wagon loading, bunkers	30-50-100	3
2.1.3	Elevators, chute transfer pits, washbox area	50-100-150	3
2.1.4	Drum filters, screen, rotating shafts	100-150-200	3
2.1.5	Picking belts	150-200-300	3	Directional and colour properties of hghting may be important for easy recognition of coal and rock
2.2	Lamp Rooms
2.2.1	Repair section	200-300-500	2
2.2.2	Other areas	100-150-200	3
2.3	Weight Cabins, Fan Houses	100-150-200	3
2.4	Winding Houses	100-150-200	3
3	ELECTRICITY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
3.1	General Plant
3.1.1	Turbine houses (operating floor)	150-200-300	2
3.1.2	Boiler and turbine house basements	50-100-150	3
3.1.3	Boiler houses, platforms, areas around burners	50-100-150	3
3.1.4	Switch rooms, meter rooms, oil plant rooms, HV substations (indoor)	100-150-200	2
3.1.5	Control rooms	200-300-500	1	LocaUzed lighting of control display and the control desks may be appropriate
3.1.6	Relay and telecommunication rooms	200-300-500	2
3.1.7	Diesel generator rooms, compressor rooms	100-150-200	3
3.1.8	Pump houses, water treatment plant houses	100-150-200	3
3.1.9	Battery rooms, chargers, rectifiers	50-100-150	3
3.1.10	Precipitator chambers, platforms, etc	50-100-150	3
3.1.11	Cable tunnels and basements, circulating water culverts and screen chambers, storage tanks (indoor), operating areas and filling points at outdoor tanks	30-50-100	3
3.2	Coal Plant
3.2.1	Conveyors, gantries, junction towers, unloading hoppers, ash handling plants, setthng pits, dust hoppers outlets	50-100-150	3
3.2.2	Other areas where operators may be in attendance	100-150-200	3
3.3	Nuclear Plants
	Gas circulation bays, reactor area, boiler platform.	100-150-200	2
	reactor charges and discharge face
4	METAL MANUFACTURE
4.1	Iron Making
4.1.1	Sinter plant:
	Plant floor	150-200-300	3

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND VENTILATION

13

	Table 4	— Continued
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
	Mixer dram, fan house, screen houses, coolers,	100-150-200	3
	transfer stations
4.1.2	Furnaces, cupola:
	General	100-150-200	3
	Control platforms	200-300-500	2	Local hghting may be appropriate
	Conveyor galleries, walkways	30-50-100	3
4.2	Steel Making
4.2.1	Electric melting shops	150-200-300	3
4.2.2	Basic oxygen steel making plants
4.2.2.1	General	100-150-200	3
4.2.2.2	Convertor floor, teeming bay	150-200-300	3
4.2.2.3	Control platforms	200-300-500	2	Local lighting may be appropriate
4.2.2.4	Scrap bays	100-150-200	3
4.3	Metal Forming and Treatment
4.3.1	Ingot stripping, soaking pits, annealing and heat treatment bays, acid recovery plant Picking and cleaning bays, roughing mills, cold mills, finishing mills, timiing and galvanizing lines, cut up and rewind lines	150-200-300	3
4.3.2	General	100-150-200	3
4.3.3	Control platforms	200-300-500	2	Local lighting may be appropriate
4.3.4	Wire mills, product finishing, steel inspection and treatment	200-300-500	3
4.3.5	Plate/strip inspection	300-500-700	2
4.3.6	Inspection of tin plate, stainless steel, etc			Special hghting to reveal faults in the specular surface of the material will be required
4.4	Foundries
4.4.1	Automatic Plant
4.4.1.1	Without manual operation	30-50-100	3
4.4.1.2	With occasional manual operation	100-150-200	3
4.4.1.3	With continuous manual operation	150-200-300	3
4.4.1.4	Control room	200-300-500	1	Localized lighting of the control display and the control desks may be appropriate
4.4.1.5	Control platforms	200-300-500	2
4.4.2	Non-automatic plants
4.4.2.1	Charging floor, pouring, shaking out, cleaning, grinding fetthng	200-300-500	3
4.4.2.2	Rough moulding, rough core making	200-300-500	3
4.4.2.3	Fine moulding, fine core making	300-500-750	2
4.4.2.4	Inspection	300-500-750	2
4.5	Forges (Severe vibration is likely to occur)
4.5.1	General	200-300-500	2
4.5.2	Inspection	300-500-750	2
5	CERAMICS
5.1	Concrete products
	Mixing, casting, cleaning	150-200-300	3
5.2	Potteries
5.2.1	Grinding, moulding, pressing, cleaning, trimming, glazing, firing	200-300-500	3
5.2.2	Enamelhng, colouring	500-750-1000	1
5.3	Glass Works
5.3.1	Furnace rooms, bending, annealing	100-150-200	3
5.3.2	Mixing rooms, forming, cutting, grinding, polishing, toughening	200-300-500	3
5.3.3	Bevehng, decorative cutting, etching, silvering	300-500-750	2
5.3.4	Inspection	300-500-750	2

14

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

Table 4 — Continued
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
6	CHEMICALS
6.1	Petroleum, Chemical and Petrochemical Works
6.1.1	Exterior walkways, platforms, stairs and ladders	30-50-100	3
6.1.2	Exterior pump and valve areas	50-100-150	3
6.1.3	Pump and compressor houses	100-150-200	3
6.1.4	Process plant with remote control	30-50-100	3
6.1.5	Process plant requiring occasional manual intervention	50-100-150	3
6.1.6	Permanently occupied work stations in process plant	150-200-300	3
6.1.7	Control rooms for process plant	200-300-500	1
6.2	Pharmaceutial Manufacturer and Fine Chemicals Manufacturer
6.2.1	Pharmaceutical manufacturer
	Grinding, granulating, mixing, drying, tableting.	300-500-750	2
	sterilizing, washing, preparation of solutions.
	fiUing, capping, wrapping, hardening
6.2.2	Fine chemical manufacture
6.2.2.1	Exterior walkways, platforms, stairs and ladders	30-50-100	3
6.2.2.2	Process plant	50-100-150	3
6.2.2.3	Fine chemical finishing	300-500-750	2
6.2.2.4	Inspection	300-500-750	1	Local hghting may be appropriate
63	Soap Manufacture
6.3.1	General area	200-300-500	2
6.3.2	Automatic processes	100-200-300	2
6.3.3	Control panels	200-300-500	1	Local hghting may be appropriate
6.3.4	Machines	200-300-500	2
6.4	Paint Works
6.4.1	General	200-300-500	2
6.4.2	Automatic processes	150-200-300	2
6.4.3	Control panels	200-300-500	2
6.4.4	Special batch mixing	500-750-1000	2
6.4.5	Colour matching	750-1000-1500	1
7	MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
7.1	Structural Steel Fabrication
7.1.1	General	200-300-500	3
7.1.2	Marking off	300-500-750	3	Local lighting may be appropriate
7.2	Sheet Metal Works
7.2.1	Pressing, punching, shearing, stamping, spinning, folding	300-500-750	2
7.2.2	Benchwork, scribing, inspection	500-750-1000	2
7.3	Machine and Tool Shops
7.3.1	Rough bench and machine work	200-300-500	3
7.3.2	Medium bench and machine work	300-500-750	2
7.3.3	Fine bench and machine work	500-750-1000	2
7.3.4	Gauge rooms	750-1000-1500	1	Optical aids may be required
7.4	Die Sinking Shops
7.4.1	General	300-500-750	2
7.4.2	Fine work	1000-1500-2000	1	Flexible local lighting is desirable
7.5	Welding and Soldering Shops
7.5.1	Gas and arc welding, rough spot welding	200-300-500	3
7.5.2	Medium soldering, brazing, spot welding	300-500-750	3
7.5.3	Fine soldering, fine spot welding	750-1000-1500	2	Local hghting is desirable
7.6	Assembly Shops
7.6.1	Rough work for example, frame and heavy machine assembly	200-300-500	3	The hghting of vertical surface may be important
7.6.2	Medium work, for example, engine assembly, vehicle body assembly	300-500-750	2
7.6.3	Fine work, for example, office machinery assembly	500-750-1000	1	Localized lighting may be useful

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND VENTILATION

15

Table 4 — Continued
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
7.6.4	Very fine work, for example, instrument assembly	750-1000-1500	1	Local lighting and optical aids are desirable
7.6.5	Minute work, for example, watch making	1000-1500-2000	I	Local lighting and optical aids are desirable
7.7	Inspection and Testing Shops
7.7.1	Coarse work, for example, using go/no-go gauges, inspection of large sub-assemblies	300-500-750	2	Local or localized lighting may be appropriate
7.7.2	Medium work, for example, inspection of painted surfaces	500-750-1000	1	Local or localized lighting may be appropriate
7.7.3	Fine work, for example, using calibrated scales, inspection of precision mechanisms	750-1000-1500	1	Local or locahzed lighting may be appropriate
7.7.4	Very fine work, for example, inspection of small intricate parts	1000-1500-2000	I	Local lighting and optical aids are desirable
7.7.5	Minute work, for example, inspection of very small instruments	2000	1	Local lighting and optical aids are desirable
7.8	Points Shops and Spray Booths
7.8.1	Dipping, rough spraying	200-300-500	3
7.8.2	Preparation, ordinary painting, spraying and finishing	200-500-750	2
7.8.3	Fine painting, spraying and finishing	500-750-1000	2
7.8.4	Inspection, re-touching and matching	750-1000-1500	2
7.9	Plating Shops
7.9.1	Vats and baths	200-300-500	3
7.9.2	Buffing, polishing burnishing	300-500-750	2
7.9.3	Final buffing and polishing	500-750-1000	2
7.9.4	Inspection			Special light to reveal fault in the surface of the material will be required
8	ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
8.1	Electrical Equipment Manufacture
8.1.1	Manufacture of cables and insulated wires, winding, varnishing and immersion of coils, assembly of large machines, simple assembly work	200-300-500	3
8.1.2	Medium assembly, for example, telephones, small motors	300-500-750	3	Local hghting may be appropriate
8.1.3	Assembly of precision components, for example, telecommunication equipment, adjustment, inspection and calibration	750-1000-1500	1	Local lighting is desirable. Optical aids may be useful
8.1.4	Assembly of high precision parts	1000-1500-2000	1	Local lighting is desirable. Optical aids may be useful
8.2	Electronic Equipment Manufacture
8.2.1	Printed circuit board
8.2.1.1	Silk screening	300-500-750	I	Local hghting may be appropriate
8.2.1.2	Hand insertion of components, soldering	500-750-1000	1	Local hghting may be appropriate
8.2.1.3	Inspection	750-1000-1500	1	A large, low luminance luminaire overhead ensures specular reflection conditions which are helpful for inspection of printed circuits
8.2.1.4	Assembly of wiring harness, cleating hamess, testing and calibration	500-750-1000	1	Local hghting may be appropriated
8.2.1.5	Chassis assembly	750-1000-1500	1	Local hghting may be appropriated
8.2.2	Inspection and testing
8.2.2.1	Soak test	150-200-300	2
8.2.2.2	Safety and functional tests	200-300-500	2
9	FOOD, DRINK AND TOBACCO
9.1	Slaughter Houses
9.1.1	General	200-300-500	3
9.1.2	Inspection	300-500-750	2
9.2	Canning, Preserving and Freezing
9.2.1	Grading and sorting of raw materials	500-750-1000	2	Lamp of colour rendering group lA or IB will be required, if colour judgement is required

16

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

Table 4 — Continued
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
9.2.2	Preparation	300-500-750	3
9.2.3	Canned and bottled goods
9.2.3.1	Retorts	200-300-500	3
9.2.3.2	Automatic processes	150-200-300	3
9.2.3.3	Labelling and packaging	200-300-500	3
9.2.4	Frozen foods
9.2.4.1	Process area	200-300-500	3
9.2.4.2	Packaging and storage	200-300-500	3
93	Bottling, Brewing and Distilling
9.3.1	Keg washing and handling, bottle washing	150-200-300	3
9.3.2	Keg inspection	200-300-500	3
9.3.3	Bottle inspection	—	—	Special lighting will be required
9.3.4	Process areas	200-300-500	3
9.3.5	Bottle filling	500-750-1000	3
9.4	Edible Oils and Fats Processing
9.4.1	Refining and blending	200-300-500	3
9.4.2	Production	300-500-750	2
9.5	Mills-Milling, Filtering and Packing	200-300-500	3
9.6	Bakeries
9.6.1	General	200-300-500	2
9.6.2	Hand decorating, icing	300-500-750	2
9.7	Chocolate and Confectionery Manufacture
9.7.1	General	200-300-500	3
9.7.2	Automatic processes	150-200-300	3
9.7.3	Hand decoration, inspection, wrapping and packing	300-500-750	2	If accurate colour judgements are required, lamps of colour rendering group 1 A or IB are used
9.8	Tobacco Processing
9.8.1	Material preparation, making and packing	300-500-750	2
9.8.2	Hand processes	500-750-1000	2
10	TEXTILES
10.1	Fibre Preparation
10.1.1	Bale breaking, washing	200-300-500	3
10.1.2	Stock dyeing, tinting	200-300-500	3
10.2	Yam Manufacture
10.2.1	Spinning, roving, winding, etc	300-500-750	2
10.2.2	Healding (drawing in)	750-1000-750	2
10.3	Fabric Production
10.3.1	Knitting	300-500-750	2
10.3.2	Weaving
10.3.2.1	Jute and hemp	200-300-500
10.3.2.2	Heavy woolens	300-500-750
10.3.2.3	Medium worsteds, fine woolens, cottons	500-750-1000
10.3.2.4	Fine worsteds, fine linens, synthetics	750-1000-1500
10.3.2.5	Mending	1000-1500-2000
10.3.2.6	Inspection	1000-1500-2000
10.4	Fabric Finishing
10.4.1	Dyeing	200-300-500	3
10.4.2	Calendaring, chemical treatment, etc	300-500-750	2
10.4.3	Inspection
10.4.3.1	'Grey' cloth	750-1000-1500	1
10.4.3.2	Final	1000-1500-2000	I
10.5	Carpet Manufacture
10.5.1	Winding, beaming	200-300-500	3
10.5.2	Setting pattern, turfing cropping, trimming, fringing, latexing and latex drying	300-500-750	2
10.5.3	Designing, weaving, mending	500-750-1000	2
10.5.4	Inspection
10.5.4.1	General	750-1000-1500	1	Local hghting may be appropriate
10.5.4.2	Piece dyeing	500-750-1000	I	Local lighting may be appropriate

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND VENTILATION

17

Table 4 — Continued
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
11	LEATHER INDUSTRY
11.1	Leather Manufacture
11.1.1	Cleaning, tanning and stretching, vats, cutting, fleshing, stuffing	200-300-500	3
11.1.2	Finishing, scarfing	300-500-750	2
11.2	Leather Working
11.2.1	General	200-300-500	3
11.2.2	Pressing, glazing	300-500-750	2
11.2.3	Cutting, splitting, scarfing, sewing	500-750-1000	2	Directional lighting may be useful.
11.2.4	Grading, matching		2	Local lighting may be appropriate
12	CLOTHING AND FOOTWEAR
12.1	Clothing Manufacture
12.1.1	Preparation of cloth	200-300-500	2
12.1.2	Cutting	500-750-1000	1
12.1.3	Matching	500-750-1000	I
12.1.4	Sewing	750-1000-1500	I
12.1.5	Pressing	300-500-750	2
12.1.6	Inspection	1000-1500-2000	1	Local lighting may be appropriate
12.1.7	Hand tailoring	1000-1500-2000	I	Local hghting may be appropriate
12.2	Hosiery and Knitwear Manufacture
12.2.1	Flat bed knitting machines	300-500-750	2
12.2.2	Circular knitting machines	500-750-1000	2
12.2.3	Lockstitch and overlocking machine	750-1000-1500	1
12.2.4	Linking or running on	750-1000-1500	I
12.2.5	Mending, hand finishing	1000-1500-3000	—	Local hghting may be appropriate
12.2.6	Inspection	IO0O-I50O-2OOO	2	Local hghting may be appropriate
12.3	Glove Manufacture
12.3.1	Sorting and grading	500-750-1000	I
12.3.2	Pressing, knitting, cutting	300-500-750	2
12.3.3	Sewing	500-750-1000	2
12.3.4	Inspection	1000-1500-2000	—	Local hghting may be appropriate
12.4	Hat Manufacture
12.4.1	Stiffening, braiding, refining, forming, sizing, pounding, ironing	200-300-500	2
12.4.2	Cleaning, flanging, finishing	300-500-750	2
12.4.3	Sewing	500-750-1000	2
12.4.4	Inspection	1000-1500-2000	—	Local hghting may be appropriate
12.5	Boot and Shoe Manufacture
12.5.1	Leather and synthetics
12.5.2	Sorting and grading	750-1000-1500	I
12.5.3	Clicking, closing	750-1000-1500	2	Local or localized hghting may be appropriate
12.5.4	Preparatory operations	750-1000-1500	2	Local or locahzed hghting may be appropriate
12.5.5	Cutting tables and pressure	1000-1500-2000	1	Local or locahzed hghting may be appropriate
12.5.6	Bottom stock preparation, lasting, bottoming finishing, shoe rooms	750-1000-1500	I	Local or locahzed hghting may be appropriate
12.5.7	Rubber
12.5.7.1	Washing, compounding, coating, drying, varnishing, vulcanizing, calendaring, cutting	200-300-500	3
12.5.7.2	Lining, making and finishing	300-500-750	2
13	TIMBER AND FURNITURE
13.1	Sawmills
13.1.1	General	150-200-300	3
13.1.2	Head saw	300-500-750	2	Localized lighting may be appropriate
13.1.3	Grading	500-750-1000	2	Directional hghting may be useful
13.2	Woodwork Shops
13.2.1	Rough sawing, bench work	200-300-500	2

18

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

Table 4 — Continued
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
13.2.2	Sizing, planning, sanding, medium machining and bench work	300-500-750	2
13.2.3	Fine bench and machine work, fine sanding, finishing	500-750-1000	2	Localized lighting may be appropriate
13.3	Furniture Manufacture
13.3.1	Raw material stores	50-100-150	3
13.3.2	Finished goods stores	100-150-200	3
13.3.3	Wood matching and assembly, rough sawing, cutting	200-300-500	2
13.3.4	Machining, sanding and assembly, polishing	300-500-750	2	Localized lighting may be appropriate
13.3.5	Tool room	300-500-750	2
13.3.6	Spray booths
13.3.6.1	Colour finishing	300-500-750	2
13.3.6.2	Clear finishing	200-300-500	2
13.3.7	Cabinet making
13.3.7.1	Vaneer sorting and grading	750-1000-1500	I
13.3.7.2	Marquetry, pressing, patching and fitting	300-500-750	I
13.3.7.3	Final inspection	500-750-1000	I	Special lighting will be required
13.4	Upholstery Manufacture
13.4.1	Cloth inspection	1000-1500-2000	I	Special lighting will be required
13.4.2	Fining, covering	300-500-750	2
13.4.3	Slipping, cutting, sewing	500-750-1000	2
13.4.4	Mattress making
13.4.5	Assembly	300-500-750	2
13.4.6	Tape edging	750-1000-1500	2	Local lighting may be appropriate
14	PAPER AND PRINTING
14.1	Paper Mills
14.1.1	Pulp mills, preparation plants	200-300-500	3
14.1.2	Paper and board making
14.1.2.1	General	200-300-500	3
14.1.2.2	Automatic process	150-200-300	3	Supplementary lighting may be necessary for maintenance work
14.1.2.3	Inspection, sorting	300-500-750	I
14.1.3	Paper converting processes
14.1.3.1	General	200-300-500	3
14.1.3.2	Associated printing	300-500-750	2
14.2	Printing Works
14.2.1	Type foundries
14.2.1.1	Matrix making, dressing type, hand and machine coating	200-300-500	3
14.2.1.2	Front assembly, sorting	500-750-1000	2
14.2.2	Composing rooms
14.2.2.1	Hand composing, imposition and distribution	500-750-1000	I
14.2.2.2	Hot metal keyboard	500-750-1000	I
14.2.2.3	Hot metal casting	200-300-500	2
14.2.2.4	Photo composing keyboard or setters	300-500-750	I
14.2.2.5	Paste up	500-750-1000	1
14.2.2.6	Illuminated tables — general hghting	200-300-500	—	Dimming may be required
14.2.2.7	Proof presses	300-500-750	2
14.2.2.8	Proof reading	500-750-1000	I
14.2.3	Graphic reproduction
14.2.3.1	General	300-500-750	2
14.2.3.2	Precision proofing, retouching, etching	750-1000-1500	1	Local hghting may be appropriate
14.2.3.3	Colour reproduction and inspection	750-1000-1500	I
14.2.4	Printing machine room
14.2.4.1	Presses	300-500-750	2
14.2.4.2	Premake ready	300-500-750	2
14.2.4.3	Printed sheet inspection	750-1000-1500	I
14.2.5	Binding
14.2.5.1	Folding, pasting, punching and stitching	300-500-750	2
14.2.5.2	Cutting, assembling, embossing	500-750-1000	2
15	PLASTIC AND RUBBER
15.1	Plastic Products
15.1.1	Automatic plant

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION I LIGHTING AND VENTILATION

19

Table 4 — Continued
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
15.1.1.1	Without manual control	30-50-100	3
15.1.1.2	With occasional manual control	50-100-150	3
15.1.1.3	With continuous manual control	200-300-500	3
15.1.1.4	Control rooms	200-300-500	1
15.1.1.5	Control platforms	200-300-500	2	Local hghting may be appropriate
15.1.2	Non-automatic plant
15.1.2.1	Mixing, calendaring, extrusion, injection, compression and blow moulding, sheet fabrication	200-300-500	3
15.1.2.2	Trimming, cutting, pohshing, cementing	300-500-750	2
15.1.2.3	Printing, inspection	750-1000-1500	I
15.2	Rubber Products
15.2.1	Stock preparation — plasticizing, milling	150-200-300	3
15.2.2	Calendaring, fabric preparation, stock-cutting	300-500-750	3
15.2.3	Extruding, moulding	300-500-750	2
15.2.4	Inspection	750-1000-1500	—
16	DISTRIBUTION AND STORAGE
16.1	Work Stores	100-150-200	3	Avoid glare to drivers of vehicles approaching the loading bay
16.1.1	Unpacking, sorting	150-200-300	3	Avoid glare to drivers of vehicles approaching the loading bay
16.1.2	Large item storage	50-100-150	3	Avoid glare to drivers of vehicles approaching the loading bay
16.1.3	Small item rack storage	200-300-500	3	Avoid glare to drivers of vehicles approaching the loading bay
16.1.4	Issue counter, records, storeman's desk	300-500-750	2	Local or localized lighting may be appropriate
16.2	Warehouses and Bulk Stores
16.2.1	Storage of goods where indentification requires only limited preparation of detail	50-100-150	3
16.2.2	Storage of goods where identification requires perception of detail	100-150-200	3
16.2.3	Automatic high bay rack stores
16.2.3.1	Gangway	20	—
16.2.3.2	Control station	150-200-300	3
16.2.3.3	Packing and dispatch	200-300-500	3
16.2.3.4	Loading bays	100-150-200	3	Avoid glare to drivers of vehicles approaching the loading bay
16.3	Cold Stores
16.3.1	General	200-300-500	3
16.3.2	Breakdown, make-up and dispatch	200-300-500	3
16.3.3	Loading bays	100-150-200	3	Avoid glare to drivers of vehicles approaching the loading bay
17	COMMERCE
17.1	Offices
17.1.1	General offices	300-500-750	1
17.1.2	Deep plan general offices	500-750-1000	I
17.1.3	Computer work stations	300-500-750	I
17.1.4	Conference rooms, executive offices	300-500-750	1
17.1.5	Computer and data preparation rooms	300-500-750	1
171.6	Filing rooms	200-300-500	1
17.2	Drawing Offices
17.2.1	General	300-500-750	1
17.2.2	Drawing boards	500-750-1000	I
17.2.3	Computer aided design and drafting	—	—	Special lighting is required
17.2.4	Print rooms	200-300-500	1
17.3	Banks and Building Societies
17.3.1	Counter, office area	300-500-750	1
17.3.2	Public area	200-300-500	1
18	SERVICES
18.1	Garages
18.1.1	Interior parking areas	20-30-50	3

20

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

		Table 4	— Continued
(1)	(2)		(3)	(4)	(5)
18.1.2	General repairs, servicing, washing, polishing	200-300-500	2
18.1.3	Workbench		300-500-750	1	Local or locahzed hghting may be appropriate
18.1.4	Spray booths		300-500-750	1
18.1.5	External apron
18.1.5.1	General		30-50-100		Care should be taken to avoid glare to drivers and neightbouring residents
18.1.5.2	Pump area (retail sales)		200-300-500	—	See 'Retailing'
18.2	Appliance servicing
18.2.1	Workshop
18.2.1.1	General		200-300-500	2
18.2.1.2	Workbench		300-500-750	2	Localized lighting may be appropriate
18.2.1.3	Counter		200-300-500	2	Locahzed hghting may be appropriate
18.2.1.4	Stores		200-300-500	3
18.3	Laundries
18.3.1	Commercial laundries
18.3.2	Receiving, sorting, washing.	drying, ironing.	200-300-500	3
	despatch, dry-cleaning, bulk machine work
18.3.3	Head ironing, pressing, mending, spotting.	300-500-750	3
	inspection
18.3.4	Launderettes		200-300-500	3
18.4	Sewage Treatment Works
18.4.1	Walkways		30-50-100	3
18.4.2	Process areas		50-100-150	3
19	RETAILING			■\	The service illuminance should be
19.1	Small Shops with Counters		300-500-750	1	provided on the horizontal plane of
19.2	Small Self-Service Shops with Island Displays	300-500-750	1	► the counter. Where wall displays are used, a similar illuminance on
				>	the walls is desirable
19.3	Supper Markets, Hyper-Markets
19.3.1	General		300-500-750	2
19.3.2	Checkout		300-500-750	2
19.3.3	Showroom for large objects, furnitures	for example, cars.	300-500-750	1
19.3.4	Shopping precincts and arcades	100-150-200	2
20	PLACES OF PUBLIC ASSEMBLY
20.1	Public Rooms, Village Halls	, Worship Halls	200-300-500	1
20.2	Concert Halls, Cinemas and Theatres
20.2.1	Foyer		150-200-300	—
20.2.2	Booking office		200-300-500	—	Local or localized hghting may be appropriate
20.2.3	Auditorium		50-100-150		Dimming facilities will be necessary. Special lighting of the aisles is desirable
20.2.4	Dressing rooms		200-300-500	—	Special mirror lighting for make-up may be required
20.2.5	Projection room		100-150-200	—
20.3	Churches
20.3.1	Body of church		100-150-200	2
20.3.2	Pulpit, lectern		200-300-500	2	Use local lighting
20.3.3	Choir stalls		200-300-500	2	Local hghting may be appropriate
20.3.4	Alter, communion table, chancel	100-150-200	2	Additional lighting to provide
					emphasis is desirable
20.3.5	Vestries		100-150-200	2
20.3.6	Organ		200-300-500	—
20.4	Hospitals
20.4.1	Anaesthatic rooms

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION I LIGHTING AND VENTILATION

21

Table 4 — Continued
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
20.4.1.1	General	200-300-500	_
20.4.1.2	Local	750-1000-1500	—
20.4.2	Consulting areas
20.4.2.1	General	200-300-500	—
20.4.2.2	Examination	750-1000-1500	—
20.4.3	Corridors
20.4.3.1	General	100-150-200	—
20.4.4	Ward corridors
20.4.4.1	Day, screened from bays	150-200-300	—
20.4.4.2	Day, open to natural light	150-200-300 (total)	—
20.4.4.3	Morning/Evening	100-150-200	—
20.4.4.4	Night	5-10	—
20.4.5	Cubicles
20.4.5.1	General	200-300-500	—
20.4.5.2	Treatment	750-1000-1500	—
20.4.6	Examination
20.4.6.1	General	200-300-500	—
20.4.6.2	Local inspection	750-1000-1500	—
20.4.7	Intensive therapy
20.4.7.1	Bad head	30-50	—
20.4.7.2	Circulation between bed ends	50-100-150	—
20.4.7.3	Observation	200-300-500	—
20.4.7.4	Local observation	750-1000-1500	—
20.4.7.5	Staff base (day)	200-300-500	—
20.4.7.6	Staff base (night)	30	—
20.4.8	Laboratories
20.4.8.1	General	200-300-500	—
20.4.8.2	Examination	300-500-750	—
20.4.9	Nurses' stations
20.4.9.1	Morning/day/evening	200-300-500	—
20.4.9.2	Night desks	30	—
20.4.9.3	Night, medical trolleys	50-100-150	—
20.4.10	Operating theatres
20.4.10.1	General	300-500-750	—
20.4.10.2	Local	10 000 to 50 000	—	Special operating hghts are used
20.4.11	Pathology departments
20.4.11.1	General	200-300-500	—
20.4.11.2	Examination	300-500-750	—
20.4.11.3	Pharmacies	200-300-500	—
20.4.11.4	Reception/enquiry	200-300-500	—
20.4.11.5	Recovery rooms	200-300-500	—
20.4.12	Ward-circulation
20.4.12.1	Day	50-100-150	—
20.4.12.2	Morning/Evening	50-100-150	—
20.4.12.3	Night	3-5	—
20.4.13	Ward-bed head
20.4.13.1	Morning/Evening	30-50
20.4.13.2	Reading	100-150-200
20.4.14	Night
20.4.14.1	Adult	0.1-1
20.4.14.2	Pediatric	1
20.4.14.3	Psychiatric	1-5
20.4.14.4	Watch	5
20.4.15	X-Ray areas
20.4.15.1	General	150-200-300
20.4.15.2	Diagnostic	150-200-300
20.4.15.3	Operative	200-300-500
20.4.15.4	Process dark room	50
20.4.16	Surgeries
20.4.16.1	General	200-300-500	—
20.4.16.2	Waiting rooms	100-150-200	—
20.4.17	Dental surgeries
20.4.17.1	Chair	Special lighting

22

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

		Table 4	— Continued
(1)	(2)		(3)	(4)	(5)
20.4.17.2	Laboratories		300-500-750	_
20.4.18	Consulting rooms
20.4.18.1	General		200-300-500	—
20.4.18.2	Desk		300-500-750	—
20.4.18.3	Examination couch		300-500-750	—
20.4.18.4	Ophthalmic wall and near-vision	charts	300-500-750	—
20.5	Hotels
20.5.1	Entrance halls		50-100-150
20.5.2	Reception, cashier's and porters'	desks	200-300-500		Locahzed hghting may be appropriate
20.5.3	Bars, coffee base, dining rooms, restaurants, lounges	grill rooms.	50-200		The hghting should be designed to create an appropriate atmosphere
20.5.4	Cloak rooms, baggage rooms		50-100-150	3
20.5.5	Bed rooms		30-50-100		Supplementary local hghting at the bed head, writing table should be provided
20.5.6	Bathroom		50-100-150		Supplementary local lighting near the mirror is desirable
20.5.7	Food preparation and stores, cellars, hfts and	—	—	See 'General Building Areas'
	corridors
20.6	Libraries
20.6.1	Lending library
20.6.1.1	General		200-300-500	1
20.6.1.2	Counters		300-500-750	1	Localized lighting may be appropriate
20.6.1.3	Bookshelves		100-150-200	2	The service illuminance should be provided on the vertical face at the bottom of the bookstack
20.6.1.4	Reading rooms		200-300-500	1
20.6.1.5	Reading tables		200-300-500	1	Localized lighting may be appropriate
20.6.2	Catalogues
20.6.2.1	Card		100-150-200	2
20.6.2.2	MicroficheA'isual display units		100-150-200	2
20.6.3	Reference libraries
20.6.3.1	General		200-300-500	1
20.6.3.2	Counters		300-500-750	1	Localized lighting may be appropriate
20.6.3.3	Bookshelves		100-150-200	2	The service illuminance should be provided on a vertical surface at the foot of the bookshelves
20.6.3.4	Study tables, carrels		300-500-750	1
20.6.3.5	Map room		200-300-500	1
20.6.4	Display and exhibition areas
20.6.4.1	Exhibits insensitive to light		200-300-500	—
20.6.4.2	Exhibit sensitive to hght, for example, pictures,	50 to 150	—
	prints, rare books in archives
20.6.5	Library workrooms
20.6.5.1	Book repair and binding		300-500-750	2
20.6.5.2	Catalogue and sorting		300-500-750	2
20.6.5.3	Remote book stores		100-150-200	3
20.7	Museums and Art Galleries
20.7.1	Exhibits insensitive to light		200-300-500	—
20.7.2	Light sensitive exhibits, for example, oil and temper paints, undyed leather, bone, ivory, wood.	150	—	This is a maximum illuminance to be provided on the principal plane
	etc				of the exhibit
20.7.3	Extremely hght sensitive exhibiti	i, for example.	50	—	This is the maximum illuminance
	textiles, water colours, prints and	1 drawings, skins.			to be provided on the principal
	botanical specimens, etc				plane of the object
20.7.4	Conservation studies and workshops	300-500-750	1
20.8	Sports Facilities

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND VENTILATION

23

		Table 4	— Continued
(1)	(2)		(3)	(4)	(5)
	Multi-purpose sports halls		300-750		This lighting system should be sufficiently flexible to provide lighting suitable for the variety of sports and activities that take place in sports halls. Higher illuminance of 1000-2000 lux would be required for television coverage
21	EDUCATION
21.1	Assembly Halls
21.1.1	General		200-300-500	3
21.1.2	Platform and stage				Special lighting to provide emphasis and to facilitate the use of the platform/ stage is desirable
21.2	Teaching Spaces
	General		200-300-500	1
21.3	Lecture Theatres
21.3.1	General		200-300-500
21.3.2	Demonstration benches		300-500-750		Localized lighting may be appropriate
21.4	Seminar Rooms		300-500-750
21.5	Art Rooms		300-500-750
21.6	Needlework Rooms		300-500-750
21.7	Laboratories		300-500-750
21.8	Libraries		200-300-500
21.9	Music Rooms		200-300-500
21.10	Sports Halls		200-300-500
21.11	Workshops		200-300-500
22	TRANSPORT
22.1	Airports
22.1.1	Ticket counters, checking desks, desks	and information	300-500-750	2	Localized lighting may be appropriate
22.1.2	Departure lounges, other waiting	areas	150-200-300	2
22.1.3	Baggage reclaim		150-200-300	2
22.1.4	Baggage handling		50-100-150	2
22.1.5	Customs and immigration halls		300-500-750	2
22.1.6	Concourse		150-200-300	2
22.2	Railway Stations
22.2.1	Ticket office		300-500-750	2	Localized lighting may be appropriate
22.2.2	Information office		300-500-750	2	Locahzed lighting over the counter may be appropriate
22.2.3	Parcels office, left
22.2.4	Luggage office
22.2.4.1	General		50-100-150	2
22.2.4.2	Counter		150-200-300	2
22.2.5	Waiting rooms		150-200-300	2
22.2.6	Concourse		150-200-300	2
22.2.7	Time table		150-200-300	2	Localized lighting may be appropriate
22.2.8	Ticket barriers		150-200-300	2	Locahzed hghting may be appropriate
22.2.9	Platforms (covered)		30-50-100	2	Care should be taken to light and mark the edge of the platform clearly
22.2.10	Platforms (open)		20		Care should be taken to light and mark the edge of the platform clearly
22.3	Coach Stations

24

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

			Table 4	— Concluded
(1)	(2)			(3)	(4)	(5)
22.3.1	Ticket offices			300-500-750	2	Localized lighting over the counter may be appropriate
It, 3 2	Information offices			300-500-750	2	Locahzed hghting over the counter may be appropriate
22.3.3	Left luggage office
22.3.3.1	General			50-100-150	3
22.3.3.2	Counter			150-200-300	3	Localized lighting is appropriate
22.3.4	Waiting rooms			150-200-300	2
22.3.5	Concourse			150-200-300	2
22.3.6	Time tables			150-200-300	2	Local lighting is appropriate
22.3.7	Loading areas			100-150-200	3
23	GENERAL BUILDING AREAS
23.1	Entrance
23.1.1	Entrance halls, lobbies, waiting	rooms		150-200-300	2
23.1.2	Enquiry desks			300-500-750	2	Localized lighting may be appropriate
23.1.3	Gatehouses			150-200-300	2
23.2	Circulation Areas
23.2.1	Lifts			50-100-150	—
23.2.2	Corridors, passageways, stairs			50-100-150	2
23.2.3	Escalators, travellators			100-150-200	—
23.3	Medical and First Aid Centres
23.3.1	Consulting rooms, treatment rooms		300-500-750	1
23.3.2	Rest rooms			100-150-200	1
23.3.3	Medical stores			100-150-200	2
23.4	Staff Rooms
23.4.1	Changing, locker and cleaners rooms, cloakrooms,	50-100-150	—
	lavatories
23.4.2	Rest rooms			100-150-200	1
23.5	Staff Restaurants
23.5.1	Canteens, cafeterias, dining rooms, mess rooms	150-200-300	2
23.5.2	Servery, vegetable preparation,	washing-up area	200-300-500	2
23.5.3	Food preparation and cooking			300-500-750	2
23.5.4	Food stores, cellars			100-150-200	2
23.6	Communications
23.6.1	Switchboard rooms			200-300-500	2
23.6.2	Telephone apparatus rooms			100-150-200	2
23.6.3	Telex room, post room			300-500-750	2
23.6.4	Reprographic room			200-300-500	2
23.7	Building Services
23.7.1	Boiler houses
23.7.1.1	General			50-100-150	3
23.7.1.2	Boiler front			100-150-200	3
23.7.1.3	Boiler control room			200-300-500	2	Localized hghting of the control display and the control desk may be appropriate
23.7.1.4	Control rooms			200-300-500	2	Localized lighting of the control display and the control desk may be appropriate
23.7.1.5	Mechanical plant room			100-150-200	2
23.7.1.6	Electrical power supply and distribution	rooms	100-150-200	2
23.7.1.7	Store rooms			50-100-150	3
23.8	Car Parks
23.8.1	Covered car parks
23.8.1.1	Floors			5-20	—
23.8.1.2	Ramps and comers			30	—
23.8.1.3	Enterances and exits			50-100-150	—
23.8.1.4	Control booths			150-200-300	—
23.8.1.5	Outdoor car parks			5-20	—

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND VENTILATION

25

It is important, when lighting stairways, to prevent disability from glare caused by direct sight of bright sources to emphasize the edges of the treads and to avoid confusing shadows. The same precautions should be taken in the lighting of cat- walks and stairways on outdoor industrial plants.

4.1.5.2 Entrances

The problems of correctly grading the lighting within a building to allow adequate time for adaptation when passing from one area to another area are particularly acute at building entrances. These are given below:

a) By day, people entering a building will be adapted to the very high levels of brightness usually present outdoors and there is risk of accident if entrance areas, particularly any steps, are poorly lighted. This problem may often be overcome by arranging windows to give adequate natural lighting at the immediate entrance, grading to lower levels further inside the entrance area. Where this cannot be done, supplementary artificial lighting should be installed to raise the level of illumination to an appropriate value.

b) At night it is desirable to light entrance halls and lobbies so that the illumination level reduces towards the exit and so that no bright fittings are in the line of sight of people leaving the building. Any entrance steps to the building should be well-lighted by correctly screened fittings.

4.1.6 For detailed information regarding principles of good lighting, reference may be made to good practice [8-1(2)].

4.2 Daylighting

The primary source of lighting for daylighting is the sun. The light received by the earth from the sun consists of two parts, namely, direct solar illuminance and sky illuminance. For the purposes of daylighting design, direct solar illuminance shall not be considered and only sky illuminance shall be taken as contributing to illumination of the building interiors during the day.

4.2.1 The relative amount of sky illuminance depends on the position of the sun defined by its altitude, which in turn, varies with the latitude of the locality, the day of the year and the time of the day, as indicated in Table 5.

4.2.2 The external available horizontal sky illuminance (diffuse illuminance) values which are exceeded for about 90 percent of the daytime working hours may be taken as outdoor design illuminance values for ensuring adequacy of daylighting design. The outdoor design sky illuminance varies for different climatic regions of the country. The recommended design sky illuminance values are 6 800 lux for cold climate, 8 000 lux for composite climate, 9 000 lux for warm humid climate, 9 000 lux for temperate climate and 10 500 for hot-dry climate. For integration with the artificial lighting during daytime working hours an increase of 500 lux in the recommended sky design illuminance for daylighting is suggested.

4.2.3 The daylight factor is dependent on the sky luminance distribution, which varies with atmospheric conditions. A clear design sky with its non-uniform distribution of luminance is adopted for the purposes of design in this section.

^		Table 5 Solar- Altitudes (to the Nearest Deg	ree) for Indian Latitudes			1
								{Clause A.l.l)
Period of Year			22 June				21 March and 23 September			22 December
Hours of Day (Sun or Solar)	07 00	08 00	09 00	10 00	1100	12 00	07 00 08 00	09 00	10 00	1100	12 00	07 00 08 00	09 00	10 00	1100	12 00
Latitude	17 00	16 00	15 00	14 00	13 00	—	17 00 16 00	15 00	14 00	13 00	—	17 00	16 00	15 00	14 00	13 00	—
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)	(13)	(14)	(15)	(16)	(17)	(118)	(19)
10°N	18	31	45	58	70	77	15	30	44	59	72	80	9	23	35	46	53	57
13°N	19	32	46	60	72	80	15	29	44	58	70	77	8	21	33	43	51	54
16°N	20	33	47	61	74	83	14	29	43	56	68	74	7	19	31	41	48	51
19°N	21	34	48	62	75	86	14	28	42	55	66	71	5	18	29	48	45	48
22°N	22	35	49	62	75	89	14	28	41	53	64	68	4	16	27	36	42	45
25°N	23	36	49	63	76	88	13	27	40	52	61	65	3	14	25	34	39	42
28°N	23	36	49	63	76	86	13	26	39	50	59	62	1	13	23	31	37	39
31°N	24	37	50	62	75	82	13	25	37	48	56	56	—	11	21	28	34	36
34°N	25	37	49	62	73	79	12	25	36	46	53	56	—	9	18	26	31	33

26

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

4.2.4 Components of Daylight Factor

Daylight factor is the sum of all the daylight reaching on an indoor reference point from the following sources:

a) The direct sky visible from the point,

b) External surfaces reflecting light directly (see Note 1) to the point, and

c) Internal surfaces reflecting and inter- reflecting light to the point.

NOTES

1 External surface reflection may be computed approximately only for points at the centre of the room, and for detailed analysis procedures are complicated and these may be ignored for actual calculations.

2 Each of the three components, when expressed as a ratio or percent of the simultaneous external illuminance on the horizontal plane, defines respectively the sky component (SC), the external reflected component (ERC) and the internal reflected component (IRC) of the daylight factor.

4.2.4.1 The daylight factors on the horizontal plane only are usually taken, as the working plane in a room is generally horizontal; however, the factors in vertical planes should also be considered when specifying daylighting values for special cases, such as daylighting on class-rooms, blackboards, pictures and paintings hung on walls.

4.2.5 Sky Component (SC)

Sky component for a window of any size is computed by the use of the appropriate table of Annex A.

a) The recommended sky component level should be ensured generally on the working plane at the following positions:

1) at a distance of 3 m to 3.75 m from the window along the central line perpendicular to the window,

2) at the centre of the room if more appropriate, and

3) at fixed locations, such as school desks, black-boards and office tables.

b) The daylight area of the prescribed sky component should not normally be less than half the total area of the room.

4.2.5.1 The values obtainable from the tables are for rectangular, open unglazed windows, with no external obstructions. The values shall be corrected for the presence of window bars, glazing and external obstructions, if any. This assumes the maintenance of a regular cleaning schedule.

4.2.5.2 Corrections for window bars

The corrections for window bars shall be made by multiplying the values read from tables in Annex A

by a factor equal to the ratio of the clear opening to the overall opening.

4.2.5.3 Correction for glazing

Where windows are glazed, the sky components obtained from Annex A shall be reduced by 10 to 20 percent, provided the panes are of clear and clean glass. Where glass is of the frosted (ground) type, the sky components read from Annex A may be reduced by 15 to 30 percent. In case of tinted or reflective glass the reduction is about 50 percent. Higher indicated correction corresponds to larger windows and/or near reference points. In the case of openings and glazings which are not vertical, suitable correction shall be taken into account.

4.2.5.4 Correction for external obstructions

There is no separate correction, except that the values from tables in Annex A shall be read only for the unobstructed portions of the window.

4.2.6 External Reflected Component (ERC)

The value of the sky component corresponding to the portion of the window obstructed by the external obstructions may be found by the use of methods described in Annex B of good practice [8-1(3)].

These values when multiplied by the correction factors, corresponding to the mean elevation of obstruction from the point in question as given in Table 6, can be taken as the external reflected components for that point.

Table 6	Correction Factor for ERC
	(Clause	4.2.6)
Mean Angle of Elevation	Correction Factor \
(1)			(2)
5°			0.086
15°			0.086
25°			0.142
35°			0.192
45°			0.226
55°			0.274
65°			0.304
75°			0.324
85°			0.334

4.2.6.1 For method of calculating ERC, reference may be made to accepted standard (see Examples 10 and 11 given in Annex B of good practice [8-1(3)].

4.2.7 Internal Reflected Component (IRC)

The component of daylight factor contributed by reflection from the inside surfaces varies directly as the window area and inversely as the total area of internal surfaces, and depends on the reflection factor of the floor, wall and roof surfaces inside and of the

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND VENTILATION

27

ground outside. For rooms white-washed on walls and ceiling and windows of normal sizes, the IRC will have sizeable value even at points far away from the window. External obstructions, when present, will proportionately reduce IRC. Where accurate values of IRC are desired, the same may be done in accordance with the good practice [8-1(3)].

4.2.8 General Principles of Openings to Afford Good Lighting

4.2.8.1 Generally, while taller openings give greater penetrations, broader openings give better distribution of light. It is preferable that some area of the sky at an altitude of 20° to 25° should light up the working plane.

4.2.8.2 Broader openings may also be equally or more efficient, provided their sills are raised by 300 mm to 600 mm above the working plane.

NOTE — It is to be noted that while placing window with a high sill level might help natural lighting, this is likely to reduce ventilation at work levels. While designing the opening for ventilation also, a compromise may be made by providing the sill level about 150 mm below the head level of workers.

4.2.8.3 For a given penetration, a number of small openings properly positioned along the same, adjacent or opposite walls will give better distribution of illumination than a single large opening. The sky component at any point, due to a number of openings may be easily determined from the corresponding sky component contour charts appropriately superposed. The sum of the individual sky component for each opening at the point gives the overall component due to all the openings. The same charts may also facilitate easy drawing of sky component contours due to multiple openings.

4.2.8.4 Unilateral lighting from side openings will, in general, be unsatisfactory if the effective width of the room is more than 2 to 2.5 times the distance from the floor to the top of the opening. In such cases provision of light shelves is always advantageous.

4.2.8.5 Openings on two opposite sides will give greater uniformity of internal daylight illumination, especially when the room is 7 m or more across. They also minimize glare by illuminating the wall surrounding each of the opposing openings. Side openings on one side and clerestory openings on the opposite side may be provided where the situation so requires.

4.2.8.6 Cross-lighting with openings on adjacent walls tends to increase the diffused lighting within a room.

4.2.8.7 Openings in deep reveals tend to minimize glare effects.

4.2.8.8 Openings shall be provided with CHAJJAHS, louvers, baffles or other shading devices to exclude.

as far as possible, direct sunlight entering the room. CHAJJAHS, louvers, etc, reduce the effective height of the opening for which due allowance shall be made. Broad and low openings are, in general, much easier to shade against sunlight entry. Direct sunlight, when it enters, increases the inside illuminance very considerably. Glare will result if it falls on walls at low angles, more so than when it falls on floors, especially when the floors are dark coloured or less reflective.

4.2.8.9 Light control media, such as translucent glass panes (opal or matt) surfaced by grinding, etching or sandblasting, configurated or corrugated glass, certain types of prismatic glass, tinted glass and glass blasts are often used. They should be provided, either fixed or movable outside or inside, especially in the upper portions of the openings. The lower portions are usually left clear to afford desirable view. The chief purpose of such fixtures is to reflect part of the light on to the roof and thereby increase the diffuse lighting within, light up the farther areas in the room and thereby produce a more uniform illumination throughout. They will also prevent the opening causing serious glare discomfort to the occupants but will provide some glare when illuminated by direct sunlight.

4.2.9 Availability of Daylight in Multi-storeyed Block

Proper planning and layout of building can add appreciably to day lighting illumination inside. Certain dispositions of building masses offer much less mutual obstruction to daylight than others and have a significant relevance, especially when intensive site planning is undertaken. The relative availability of daylight in multi-storeyed blocks of different relative orientations are given in Table 7.

Table 7 Relative Availability of Dayligbt on tbe

Window Plane at Ground Level in a Four- Storeyed Building Blocks (Clear Design-Sky as Basis, Daylight Availability Taken as Unity on an Unobstructed Facade, Values are for the Centre of the Blocks) {Clause 4.2.9)

Distance of	Infinitely	Parallel Blocks	Parallel Blocks
Separation	Long	Facing Each	Facing Gaps
Between	Parallel	Other	Between Opposite
Bloclis	Blocks	(Length =	Blocks (Length =
		2 X Height)	2 X Height)
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
0.5 Ht	0.15	0.15	0.25
l.OHt	0.30	0.32	0.38
1.5 Ht	0.40	0.50	0.55
l.OHt	0.50	0.60	0.68

4.2.10 For specified requirements for daylighting of special occupancies and areas, reference may be made to good practice [8-1(4)].

28

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

4.3 Artificial Lighting

4.3.1 Artificial lighting may have to be provided

a) where the recommended illumination levels have to be obtained by artificial lighting only,

b) to supplement daylighting when the level of illumination falls below the recommended value, and

c) where visual task may demand a higher level of illumination.

4.3.2 Artificial Lighting Design for Interiors

For general lighting purposes, the recommended practice is to design for a level of illumination on the working plane on the basis of the recommended levels for visual tasks given in Table 4 by a method called 'Lumen method'. In order to make the necessary detailed calculations concerning the type and quantity of lighting equipment necessary, advance information on the surface reflectances of walls, ceilings and floors is required. Similarly, calculations concerning the brightness ratio in the interior call for details of the interior decor and furnishing. Stepwise guidance regarding designing the interior lighting systems for a building using the 'Lumen method' is given in 4.3.2.1 to 4.3.2.4.

4.3.2.1 Determination of the illumination level

Recommended value of illumination shall be taken from Table 4, depending upon the type of work to be carried out in the location in question and the visual tasks involved.

4.3.2.2 Selection of the light sources and luminaires

The selection of light sources and luminaires depends on the choice of lighting system, namely, general lighting, directional lighting and localized or local lighting.

4.3.2.3 Determination of the luminous flux

a) The luminous flux ((|)) reaching the working plane depends upon the following:

1) lumen output of the lamps,

2) type of luminaire,

3) proportion of the room (room index) (A: ),

4) reflectance of internal surfaces of the room,

5) depreciation in the lumen output of the lamps after burning their rated life, and

6) depreciation due to dirt collection on luminaires and room suface.

b) Coefficient of Utilization or Utilization Factor 1) The compilation of tables for the

utilization factor requires a considerable

amount of calculations, especially if these tables have to cover a wide range of lighting practices. For every luminaire, the exact light distribution has to be measured in the laboratory and their efficiencies have to be calculated and measured exactly. These measurements comprise:

i) the luminous flux radiated by the luminaires directly to the measuring surface, ii) the luminous flux reflected and re- reflected by the ceiling and the walls to the measuring surface, and

iii) the inter-reflections between the ceiling and wall which result in the measuring surface receiving additional luminous flux. All these measurements have to be made for different reflection factors of the ceiling and the walls for all necessary room indices. These tables have also to indicate the maintenance factor to be taken for the luminous flux depreciation throughout the life of an installation due to ageing of the lamp and owing to the deposition of dirt on the lamps and luminaires and room surfaces. 2) The values of the reflection factor of the ceiling and of the wall are as follows: White and very light colours 0.7

Light colours 0.5

Middle tints 0.3

Dark colours 0.1

For the walls, taking into account the influence of the windows without curtains, shelves, almirahs and doors with different colours, etc, should be estimated, c) Calculation for determining the luminous flux

E =^

E A

or, (t) = -^^ — for new condition

E A

and 0 = -^^ — for working condition H d

where

(p = Total luminous flux of the light sources installed in the room inlumens;

E = Average illumination level required on the working plane inlux;

A = Area of the working plane in m-;

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND VENTILATION

29

M = the utilization factor in new conditions; and d = maintenance factor.

In practice, it is easier to calculate straightaway the number of lamps or luminaires from:

N,

lamp	f^ d 0„„,p
	E..A
iinaircs	M rliiminaircs

where

= Luminous flux of each lamp in lumens, (|)i^,„, = Luminous flux of each luminaire in

r lamp

r luminaires

^1

A'.

lamp

lumens, = Total number of lamps, and = Total number of luminaires.

4.3.2.4 Arrangement of the luminaires

This is done to achieve better uniformly distributed illumination. The location of the luminaires has an important effect on the utilization factor.

a) In general, luminaires are spaced 'a' metre apart in either direction, while the distance of the end luminaire from the wall is 'Vi a' metre. The distance 'a' is more or less equal to the mounting height '// ' between the luminaire and the working plane. The utilization factor tables are calculated for this arrangement of luminaires.

b) For small rooms where the room index {k ) is less than 1, the distance 'a' should always be less than H , since otherwise luminaires

m

cannot be properly located. In most cases of such rooms, four or two luminaires are placed for good general lighting. If, however, in such rooms only one luminaire is installed in the middle, higher utilization factors are obtained, but the uniformity of distribution is poor. For such cases, references should be made to the additional tables for k = 0.6 to 1.25 for

r

luminaires located centrally. 4.3.3 Artificial Lighting to Supplement Daylighting

4.3.3.1 The need for general supplementary artificial lighting arises due to diminution of daylighting beyond design hours, that is, for solar altitude below 15° or when dark cloudy conditions occur.

4.3.3.2 The need may also arise for providing artificial lighting during the day in the innermost parts of the building which cannot be adequately provided with daylighting, or when the outside windows are not of adequate size or when there are unavoidable external obstructions to the incoming daylighting.

4.3.3.3 The need for supplementary lighting during the day arises, particularly when the daylighting on the working plane falls below 100 lux and the surrounding luminance drops below 19 cd/m^.

4.3.3.4 The requirement of supplementary artificial lighting increases with the decrease in daylighting availability. Therefore, conditions near sunset or sunrise or equivalent conditions due to clouds or obstructions, etc, represent the worst conditions when the supplementary lighting is most needed.

4.3.3.5 The requirement of supplementary artificial lighting when daylighting availability becomes poor may be determined from Fig. 3 for an assumed ceiling height of 3.0 m, depending upon floor area, fenestration percentage and room surface reflectance. Cool daylight fluorescent tubes are recommended with semi-direct luminaires. To ensure a good distribution of illumination, the mounting height should be between 1.5 m and 2.0 m above the work plane for a separation of 2.0 m to 3.0 m between the luminaires. Also the number of lamps should preferably be more in the rear half of the room than in the vicinity of windows. The following steps may be followed for using Fig. 3 for determining the number of fluorescent tubes required for supplementary daylighting.

a) Determine fenestration percentage of the floor area, that is.

Window Area Floor Area

-xlOO

b) In Fig. 3, refer to the curve corresponding to the percent fenestration determined above and the set of reflectances of ceiling, walls and floor actually provided.

c) For the referred curve of Fig. 3 read, along the ordinate, the number of 40 W fluorescent tubes required, corresponding to the given floor area on the abscissa.

4.3.4 For detailed information on the design aspects and principles of artificial lighting, reference may be made to good practice [8-1(2)].

4.3.5 For specific requirements for lighting of special occupancies and areas, reference may be made to good practice [8-1(5)].

4.3.6 Electrical installation aspect for artificial lighting shall be in accordance with Part 8 'Building Services, Section 2 Electrical and Allied Installations'.

4.4 Energy Conservation in Lighting

4.4.1 A substantial portion of the energy consumed on lighting may be saved by utilization of daylight and rational design of supplementary artificial lights.

30

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

CO

m en

3

O CO LU

o

o

UL

O HI

m

25

20

15

10-

REFLECTANCE CEILING WALLS FLOOR

0.7 0.7 0.3

0.7 0.5 0.3

0.5 0.5 0.3

OPENINGS, PERCENT

•';?o

100 FLOOR AREA, m

150 2

230

Fig. 3 Supplementary Artificial Lighting for 40W Fluorescent Tubes

4.4.2 Daytime use of artificial lights may be minimized by proper design of windows for adequate daylight indoors. Daylighting design should be according to 4.2.

4.4.3 Fenestration expressed as percentage of floor area required for satisfactory visual performance of a few tasks for different separation to height (S/H) ratio of external obstructions such as opposite buildings may be obtained from the design nomograph (Fig. 4). The obstructions at a distance of three times their height or more (S/H > 3) from a window fafade are not significant and a window facing such an obstruction may be regarded as a case of unobstructed window.

4.4.3.1 The nomograph consists of horizontal lines indicating fenestration percentage of floor area and vertical lines indicating the separation to height ratio of external obstructions such as opposite buildings. Any vertical line for separation to height ratio other than already shown in the nomograph ( 1 .0, 2.0 and 3.0) may be drawn by designer, if required. For cases where there is no obstruction, the ordinate corresponding to the value 3.0 may be used. The value of percentage fenestration and separation to height ratio are marked on left hand ordinate and abscissa respectively. The illumination levels are marked on the right hand ordinate. The values given within brackets are the illumination levels on the work plane at centre and rear of the room. The wattage of fluorescent tubes required per square metre of the floor area for different illumination levels is shown on each curve.

4.4.3.2 Following assumptions have been made in the construction of the nomograph:

a) An average interior finish with ceiling white, walls off white and floor grey has been assumed.

b) Ceiling height of 3 m and room depths up to 10 m and floor area between 30 m^and 50 m- have been assumed. For floor area beyond 50 m^ and less than 30 m-, the values of percent fenestration as well as wattage per m^ should be multiplied by a factor of 0.85 and 1.15 respectively.

c) It is assumed that windows are of metallic sashes with louvers of width up to 600 mm or a CHHAJJA (balcony projection) at ceiling level of width up to 2.0 m. For wooden sashes, the window area should be increased by a factor of about 1.1.

d) Luminaires emanating more light in the downward direction than upward direction (such as reflectors with or without diffusing plastics) and mounted at a height of 1.5 m to 2.0 m above the workplane have been considered.

4.4.3.3 Method of use

The following steps shall be followed for the use of nomograph:

a) Step 1 — Decide the desired illumination level depending upon the task illumination requirement in the proposed room and read the value of watts per square metre on the curve corresponding to the required illumination level.

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND VENTILATION

31

<

lU

<

en o o

o

UJ CD <

UJ

LU Q.

Z

g

30

28

26

24

22

20

18

16

^ 14 I-

tu

m 12

10

1.0

O O

SEPARATION

WP >,

> -^ -^ > '^ -^ -■

\ r- WATTS PER SQ. m FLOOR AREA \ OF SUPPLEMENTAL FLUORESCENT \ '' TUBE LIGHTS
. Xe.o
V X54 \
\ \^	•\
V X \
x.^	^"----^^
	^~^^— -°
	~^~~— — c
v^O ^^'^v^	--.
	~^^— -^*

2.0

SEPARATION TO HEIGHT RATIO

(360, 200) 200

(320, 175) 175

(280, 150) 150

(240, 125) 125

(200, 100) 100

3.0

(150, 75) 75

Fig. 4 Nomograph for Daylighting and Supplemental Lighting Design of Building

z

HI

=J z CO Q

WCS

o

=1

=3 O

a

UJ

z a.

en o

b) Step 2 — Fix the vertical line corresponding to tlie given separation to heigiit ratio of opposite buildings on the abscissa. From the point of intersection of this vertical line and the above curve move along horizontal, and read the value of fenestration percent on the left hand ordinate.

c) Step 3 — If the floor area is greater than 50 m- and less than 30 m^, the value of watts per square metre as well as fenestration percent may be easily determined for adequate daylighting and supplemental artificial lighting for design purposes. However, if the fenestration provided is less than the required value, the wattage of supplementary artificial

lights should be increased proportionately to make up for the deficiency of natural illumination.

4.4.4 For good distribution of day light on the working plane in a room, window height, window width and height of sill should be chosen in accordance with the following recommendations:

a) In office buildings windows of height 1.2 m or more in the center of a bay with sill level at 1.0 to 1.2 m above floor and in residential buildings windows of height 1.0 m to 1.1 m with sill height as 0.9 m to 0.7 m above floor are recommended for good distribution of daylight indoors. Window width can

32

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

accordingly be adjusted depending upon tlie required fenestration percentage of the floor area.

b) If the room depth is more than 10 m, windows should be provided on opposite sides for bilateral lighting.

c) It is desirable to have a white finish for ceiling and off white (light colour) to white for walls. There is about 7 percent improvement in lighting levels in changing the finish of walls from moderate to white.

4.4.5 For good distribution and integration of daylight with artificial lights the following guidelines are recommended:

a) Employ cool daylight fluorescent tubes for supplementary artificial lighting.

b) Distribute luminaries with a separation of 2 m to 3 m in each bay of 3 m to 4 m width.

c) Provide more supplementary lights such as twin tube luminaries in work areas where daylight is expected to be poor for example in the rear region of a room having single window and in the central region of a room having windows on opposite walls. In the vicinity of windows only single tube luminaries should be provided.

4.4.6 Artificial Lighting

Energy conservation in lighting is effected by reducing wastage and using energy effective lamps and luminaires without sacrificing lighting quality. Measures to be followed comprise utilization of daylight, energy effective artificial lighting design by providing required illumination where needed, turning off artificial lights when not needed, maintaining lighter finishes of ceiling, walls and furnishings, and implementing periodic schedule for cleaning of luminaires and group replacement of lamps at suitable intervals. Choice of light sources with higher luminous efficacy and luminaires with appropriate light distribution is the most effective means of energy saving in lighting. However, choice of light sources also depends on the other lighting quality parameters like colour rendering index and colour temperature or appearance. For example, high pressure sodium vapour lamps, which have very high luminous efficacy, are not suitable for commercial interiors because of poor colour rendering index and colour appearance, but are highly desirable in heavy industries. Also the choice of light sources depends on the mounting height in the interiors. For example, fluorescent lamps are not preferred for mounting beyond 7 m height, when high pressure gas discharge lamps are preferred because of better optical control due to their compact size.

4.4.6.1 Efficient artificial light sources and luminaires

Luminous efficacy of some of the lamps used in lighting of buildings are given in Table 8 along with average life in burning hours, Colour Rendering Index and Colour Temperature.

Following recommendations may be followed in the choice of light sources for different locations:

a) For supplementary artificial lighting of work area in office building care should be taken to use fluorescent lamps, which match with colour temperature of the daylight.

b) For residential buildings fluorescent lamps and/or CFLs of proper CRI and CCT are recommended to match with the colours and interior design of the room.

c) For commercial interiors, depending on the mounting heights and interior design, fluorescent lamps, CFLs and low wattage metal halilde lamps are recommended. For highlighting the displays in show windows, hotels, etc, low wattage tubular or dichroic reflector type halogen lamps can be used.

d) For industrial lighting, depending on the mounting height and colour consideration fluorescent lamps, high pressure mercury vappour lamps or high pressure sodium vapour lamps are recommended.

4.4.6.2 For the same lumen output, it is possible to save 75 to 80 percent energy if GLS lamps are replaced with CFL and 65 to 70 percent if replaced with fluorescent lamps. Similar energy effective solutions are to be chosen for every application area.

Similarly with white fluorescent tubes recommended for corridors and staircases, the electrical consumption reduces to 1/4.5 of the energy consumption with incandescent lamps.

4.4.6.3 Efficient luminaire also plays an important role for energy conservation in lighting. The choice of a luminaire should be such that it is efficient not only initially but also throughout its life. Following luminaries are recommended for different locations:

a) For offices semi-direct type of luminaries are recommended so that both the work plane illumination and surround luminance can be effectively enhanced.

b) For corridors and staircases direct type of luminaries with wide spread of light distributions are recommended.

c) In residential buildings, bare fluorescent tubes are recommended. Wherever the incandescent lamps are employed, they should be provided

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND VENTILATION

33

Table 8 Luminous Efficacy, Life, CRI and CCT of Light Sources

(Clause 4.4.6.1)

SI No.

(1)

Light Source

(2)

Efficacy

Im/W

(3)

Average Life

h

(4)

CRI

(5)

CCT

K

(6)

i) Incandescent lamps

GLS25W-1000 W ii) Tungsten halogen incandescent lamps Mains-voltage types:

60 W-2 000 W Low- voltage types with reflector have lower wattages iii) Huorescent lamps (FTL)

a) Standard lamps 38mm(T12) 20 W-65 W

26 mm (T 8) 18W-58W Cool daylight Warm white

b) Tri-Phosper lamps 38mm(T12)

20 W-65 W 26 mm (T 8) 18W-58W iv) Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)

5 W-25 W v) High pressure mercury vapour lamps

80 W-400 W vi) Blended — Light lamps MLL 100 W-500 W vii) High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamps

50W-1000W

viii) Metal halide lamps

35 W-2 000 W

8-18

10% higher than

comparable GLS

lamp

61

67

88-104

40-80 36-60 11-26 69-130 69-83

1000 2 000

100 100

2 800 2 800-3 200

5 000	72	6 500
5 000	57	3 500
12 000-18 000	85-95	2 700-6 500
8 000	Similar to FTL
5 000	45	4 000
5 000	61	3 600
10 000-15 000	23	2 000
10 000	68-92	3 000-5 600

NOTES

1 The table includes lamps and wattages currently in use in buildings in India.

2 Luminous efficacy varies with the wattage of the lamp.

3 Average life values are from available Indian Standards. Where Indian Standard is not available, values given are only indicative.

4 CRI and CCT values are only indicative.

5 For exact values, it is advisable to contact manufacturers.

with white enamelled conical reflectors at an incUnation of about 45° from vertical.

4.4.7 Cleaning Schedule for Window Panes and Luminaires

Adequate schedule for cleaning of window panes and luminaries will result in significant advantage of enhanced daylight and lumen output from luminaries. This will tend to reduce the duration over which artificial lights will be used and minimize the wastage of energy. Depending upon the location of the building a minimum of three to six months interval for periodic cleaning of luminaries and window panes is recommended for maximum utilization of daylight and artificial lights.

4.4.8 Photocontrols for Artificial Lights

There is a considerable wastage of electrical energy in lighting of buildings due to carelessness in switching

off lights even when sufficient daylight is available indoors. In offices and commercial buildings, occupants may switch on lights in the morning and keep them on throughout the day. When sufficient daylight is available inside, suitable photo controls can be employed to switch off the artificial lights and thus prevent the wastage of energy.

4.4.9 Solar Photovoltaic Systems (SPV)

Solar photovoltaic system enables direct conversion of sunlight into electricity and is viable option for lighting purpose in remote nongrid areas. The common SPV lighting systems are;

a) Solar lantern,

b) Fixed type solar home lighting system, and

c) Street lighting system.

4.4.9.1 SPV lighting system should preferably be provided with CFL for energy efficiency.

34

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

4.4.9.2 Inverters used in buildings for supplying electricity during the power cut period should be charged through SPV system.

4.4.9.3 Regular maintenance of SPV system is necessary for its satisfactory functioning.

5 VENTILATION

5.1 General

Ventilation of buildings is required to supply fresh air for respiration of occupants, to dilute inside air to prevent vitiation by body odours and to remove any products of combustion or other contaminants in air and to provide such thermal environments as will assist in the maintenance of heat balance of the body in order to prevent discomfort and injury to health of the occupants.

5.2 Design Considerations

5.2.1 Respiration

Supply of fresh air to provide oxygen for the human body for elimination of waste products and to maintain carbon dioxide concentration in the air within safe limits rarely calls for special attention as enough outside air for this purpose normally enters the areas of occupancy through crevices and other openings.

5.2.1.1 In normal habitable rooms devoid of smoke generating source, the content of carbon dioxide in air rarely exceeds 0.5 percent to 1 percent and is, therefore, incapable of producing any ill effect. The amount of air required to keep the concentration down to 1 percent is very small. The change in oxygen content is also too small under normal conditions to have any ill effects; the oxygen content may vary quite appreciably without noticeable effect, if the carbon dioxide concentration is unchanged.

5.2.2 Vitiation by Body Odours

Where no products of combustion or other contaminants are to be removed from air, the amount of fresh air required for dilution of inside air to prevent vitiation of air by body odours, depends on the air space available per person and the degree of physical activity; the amount of air decreases as the air space available per person increases, and it may vary from 20 m^ to 30 m^ per person per hour. In rooms occupied by only a small number of persons such an air change will automatically be attained in cool weather by normal leakage around windows and other openings and this may easily be secured in warm weather by keeping the openings open.

No standards have been laid down under the Factories Act, 1948 as regards the amount of fresh air required per worker or the number of air changes per hour. Section 16 relating to over-crowding requires that at least 14 m"* to 16 m"* of space shall be provided for

every worker and for the purpose of that section no account shall be taken of any space in a work room which is more than 4.25 m above the floor level.

NOTE — Vitiation of the atmosphere can also occur in factories by odours given off due to contaminants of the product itself, say for example, from tobacco processing in a 'Bidi' factory. Here the ventilation will have to be augmented to keep odours within unobjectionable levels.

5.2.2.1 Recommended values for air changes

The standards of general ventilation are recommended/ based on maintenance of required oxygen, carbon dioxide and other air quality levels and for the control of body odours when no products of combustion or other contaminants are present in the air; the values of air changes should be as follows:

SI No. Application Air	Change per Hour
(1)	(2)	(3)
1.	Assembly rooms	4-8
2.	Bakeries	20-30
3.	Banks/building societies	4-8
4.	Bathrooms	6-10
5.	Bedrooms	2-4
6.	Billiard rooms	6-8
7.	Boiler rooms	15-30
8.	Cafes and coffee bars	10-12
9.	Canteens	8-12
10.	Cellars	3-10
11.	Churches	1-3
12.	Cinemas and theatres	10-15
13.	Club rooms	12, Min
14.	Compressor rooms	10-12
15.	Conference rooms	8-12
16.	Dairies	8-12
17.	Dance halls	12, Min
18.	Dye works	20-30
19.	Electroplating shops	10-12
20.	Engine rooms	15-30
21.	Entrance halls	3-5
22.	Factories and work shops	8-10
23.	Foundries	15-30
24.	Garages	6-8
25.	Glass houses	25-60
26.	Gymnasium	6, Min
27.	Hair dressing saloon	10-15
28.	Hospitals-sterlizing	15-25
29.	Hospital-wards	6-8
30.	Hospital domestic	15-20
31.	Laboratories	6-15
32.	Launderettes	10-15
33.	Laundries	10-30
34.	Lavatories	6-15
35.	Lecture theatres	5-8
36.	Libraries	3-5
37.	Living rooms	3-6
38.	Mushroom houses	6-10

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND VENTILATION

35

SI No. Application Air	Change per Hour
(1) (2)	(3)
39. Offices	6-10
40. Paint shops (not cellulose)	10-20
41. Photo and X-ray dark room	10-15
42. Public house bars	12, Min
43. Recording control rooms	15-25
44. Recording studios	10-12
45. Restaurants	8-12
46. Schoolrooms	5-7
47. Shops and supermarkets	8-15
48. Shower baths	15-20
49. Stores and warehouses	3-6
50. Squash courts	4, Min
5 1 . Swimming baths	10-15
52. Toilets	6-10
53. Utility rooms	15-20
54. Welding shops	15-30
NOTE — The ventilation rates may be increased by 50 percent
where heavy smoking occurs or if the room is below ground.

5.2.3 Heat Balance of Body

Specially in hot weather, when thermal environment inside the room is worsened by heat given off by machinery, occupants and other sources, the prime need for ventilation is to provide such thermal environment as will assist in the maintenance of heat balance of the body in order to prevent discomfort and injury to health. Excess of heat either from increased metabolism due to physical activity of persons or gains from a hot environment has to be offset to maintain normal body temperature (37°C). Heat exchange of the human body with respect to the surroundings is determined by the temperature and humidity gradient between the skin and the surroundings and other factors, such as age of persons, clothing, etc, and the latter depends on air temperature (dry bulb temperature), relative humidity, radiation from the solid surroundings and rate of air movement. The volume of outside air to be circulated through the room is, therefore, governed by the physical considerations of controlling the temperature, air distribution or air movement. Air movement and air distribution may, however, be achieved by recirculation of the inside air rather than bringing in all outside air. However, fresh air supply or the circulated air will reduce heat stress by dissipating heat from body by evaporation of the sweat, particularly when the relative humidity is high and the air temperature is near body temperature.

5.2.3.1 Limits of comfort and heat tolerance

Thermal comfort is that condition of thermal environment under which a person can maintain a body heat balance at normal body temperature and without perceptible

sweating. Limits of comfort vary considerably according to studies carried out in India and abroad. The thermal comfort of a person lies between TSI values of 25 °C and 30°C with optimum condition at 27.5°C. Air movement is necessary in hot and humid weather for body cooling. A certain minimum desirable wind speed is needed for achieving thermal comfort at different temperatures and relative humidities. Such wind speeds are given in Table 9. These are applicable to sedentary work in offices and other places having no noticeable sources of heat gain. Where somewhat warmer conditions are prevalent, such as in godowns and machine shops and work is of lighter intensity, and higher temperatures can be tolerated without much discomfort, minimum wind speeds for just acceptable warm conditions are given in Table 10. For obtaining values of indoor wind speed above 2.0 m/s, mechanical means of ventilation may have to be adopted {see also Part 8 'Building Services, Section 3 Air Conditioning, Heating and Mechanical Ventilation').

Table 9	Desirable Wind	Speeds (m/s) for
Thermal Comfort Conditions
	{Clause	5.2.3.1)
Dry Bulb Temperature, °C		Relative Humidity (Percentage)
30	40	50	60	70	80	90
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
28	*	H=	H=	^	^	*	*
29	*	^	!f=	!f=	^	0.06	0.19
30	*	^	!f=	0.06	0.24	0.53	0.85
31	H:	0.06	0.24	0.53	1.04	1.47	2.10
32	0.20	0.46	0.94	1.59	2.26	3.04	=i==i=
33	0.77	1.36	2.12	3.00	^^	^^	=i==i=
34	1.85	2.72	**	*H=	=1=H=	:[:H:	=1=H=
35	3.20	**	H=*	=:=H=	=1=H=	=:=!i=	=1=H=
* None
** Higher than those acceptable	in practice.

Table 10	Minimum Wind	Speed!	s (m/s) for Just
Acceptable Warm Conditions
		{Clause 5.23.1)
Dry Bulb		Relative Humidity (Percentage)
						~^
°C	30	40	50	60	70	80	90
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
28	^	*	^	^	^	^	^
29	H:	H:	:f:	H:	:f:	^	^
30	!f=	!f=	^	!f=	^	^	^
31	!f=	!f=	^	!f=	^	0.06	0.23
32	=i=	=i:	^	0.09	0.29	0.60	0.94
33	=i=	0.04	0.24	0.60	1.04	1.85	2.10
34	0.15	0.46	0.94	1.60	2.26	3.05	=i==i=
35	0.68	1.36	2.10	3.05	:(==!=	:(==!=	^^
36	1.72	2.70	^^	H=*	H==l=	H==l=	^^
* None
** Higher than those	acceptable in practice.

36

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

5.2.3.2 There will be a limit of heat tolerance when air temperatures are excessive and the degree of physical activity is high. This limit is determined when the bodily heat balance is upset, that is, when the bodily heat gain due to conduction, convection and the radiation from the surroundings exceeds the bodily heat loss, which is mostly by evaporation of sweat from the surface of the body. The limits of heat tolerance for Indian workers are based on the study conducted by the Chief Adviser Factories, Government of India, Ministry of Labour and are given in his report on Thermal Stress in Textile Industry (Report No. 17) issued in 1956. According to this Report, where workers in industrial buildings wearing light clothing are expected to do work of moderate severity with the energy expenditure in the range 273 to 284 W, the maximum wet bulb temperature shall not exceed 29°C and adequate air movement subject to a minimum air velocity of 30 m/min shall be provided, and in relation to the dry bulb temperature, the wet bulb temperature of air in the work room, as far as practicable, shall not exceed that given in Table 1 1 .

Table 11 Maximum Permissible Wet Bulb Temperatures for Given Dry Bulb Temperatures

{Clause 5.2.3.2)

Dry Bulb Temperature	Maximum Wet-Bulb
°C	Temperature, °C
(1)	(2)
30	29.0
35	28.5
40	28.0
45	27.5
50	27.0

NOTES

1 These are limits beyond which the industry should not allow the thermal conditions to go for more than 1 h continuously. The limits are based on a series of studies conducted on Indian subjects in psychrometric chamber and on other data on heat casualties in earlier studies conducted in Kolar Gold Fields and elsewhere.

2 Figures given in this table are not intended to convey that human efficiency at 50°C will remain the same as at 30°C, provided appropriate wet bulb temperatures are maintained. Efficiency decreases with rise in the dry bulb temperature as well, as much as possible. Long exposures to temperature of 50°C dry bulb/27°C wet bulb may prove dangerous.

3 Refrigeration or some other method of cooling is recommended in all cases where conditions would be worse than those shown in this table.

5.3 Methods of Ventilation

General ventilation involves providing a building with relatively large quantities of outside air in order to improve general environment of the building. This may be achieved in one of the following ways:

a) Natural supply and natural exhaust of air;

b) Natural supply and mechanical exhaust of air;

c) Mechanical supply and natural exhaust of air; and

d) Mechanical supply and mechanical exhaust of air.

5.3.1 Control of Heat

Although it is recognized that general ventilation is one of the most effective methods of improving thermal environmental conditions in factories, in many situations, the application of ventilation should be preceded by and considered along with some of the following other methods of control. This would facilitate better design of buildings for general ventilation, either natural or mechanical or both, and also reduce their cost.

5.3.1.1 Isolation

Sometimes it is possible to locate heat producing equipment, such as furnaces in such a position as would expose only a small number of workers to hot environment. As far as practicable, such sources of heat in factories should be isolated.

In situations where relatively few people are exposed to severe heat stress and their activities